Peer Reviewed Journal

Abstract:

Photovoltaic panels can act as power generator as well as external shading devices with proper tilt angle. In this paper we will study the performance of a Silicon Photovoltaic system with different tilt angle arrangement in Kuwait (latitude 30˚ N). In the study the PV system is installed facing south to collectmaximum solar radiation at noon. The angle is varied from 00 to 900, during full year at the Solstice (the time at which the day and night come into balance) and Equinox (the end of the day's increase or decrease in day night hours) periods, to achieve optimum tilt angle, higher in magnitude than 300 with competitive output power. The results show that the performance and the output power of the PV system with 50˚ tilt angle, is equivalent to the corresponding values at tilt angle equal to Kuwait latitude (30˚) during the whole year.
Keywords: Photovoltaic model, Tilt angle, solar collector, PV system performance, shading, Kuwait.

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Hussain Bunyan, Wesam Ali, "Investigating Of Proper Photovoltaic Panel Tilt Angle to Be Used As Shading Device inKuwait" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
Keywords: Wi-MAX, multiband microstrip antenna

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Piyush Paneliya, Sandip Khakhriya, S.Sreenath Kashyap, "Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A study" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The alternatives to combustion engines in future will be fuel cells. The dynamic behavior of fuel cells for changing load conditions show poor voltage regulation. For improving the voltage regulation of PEM fuel cell, efficient control system should be designed. If the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell is known, the cost in designing the control system is greatly reduced .The behavior of the fuel cell for various load conditions and for changing pressure and temperature can be found by dynamically modeling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

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S.V.T.Abirami, G.Samuel Muthuraj, "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Design and Dynamic Modeling in MATLAB" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

In continuous technological development, an automotive industry has increased the demand for high efficiency engines. A high efficiency engines in not only based on its performance but also for better fuel economy and less emission rate. Radiator is one of the important parts of the internal combustion engine cooling system. The manufacturing cost of the radiator is 20 percent of the whole cost of the engine. So improving the performance and reducing cost of radiators are necessary research. For higher cooling capacity of radiator, addition of fins is one of the approaches to increase the cooling rate of the radiator. In addition, heat transfer fluids at air and fluid side such as water and ethylene glycol exhibit very low thermal conductivity. As a result there is a need for new and innovative heat transfer fluids, known as "Nano fluid" for improving heat transfer rate in an automotive radiator. Recently there have been considerable research findings highlighting superior heat transfer performances of nanofluids about 15-25% of heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by using types of nanofluids. With these specific characteristics, the size and weight of an automotive car radiator can be reduced without affecting its heat transfer performance. An automotive radiator (Wavy fin type) model is modeled on modeling software CATIA V5 and performance evaluation is done on pre-processing software ANSYS 14.0. The temperature and velocity distribution of coolant and air are analyzed by using Computational fluid dynamics environment software CFX. Results have shown that the rate of heat transfer is better when nano fluid (Si C + water) is used as coolant, than the conventional coolant.
Key words: Automotive radiator, Nanofluid, Wavy fin and circular tube geometry, performance parameters.

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Vishwa Deepak Dwivedi, Ranjeet Rai, "Modeling and Fluid Flow Analysis of Wavy Fin Based Automotive Radiator" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Telemedicine is widely considered to be part of the inevitable future of the modern practice of medicine. It is gaining more and more momentum as a new approach for patient's surveillance outside of hospitals (at home). Nowadays people are more aware of the health conditions. Homecare is the provision of health care services to patients in their own home. One of the main purposes of homecare telemedicine is to develop a wireless, low-cost and use-friendly system. This proposed system tests the health conditions of an individual by measuring his/her blood pressures, heart rate and temperature using Blood pressure monitor device, Heart beat sensor, Temperature sensor respectively. Monitoring health parameters get display on LCD, and if these monitoring parameters enter in critical section then these parameters send through an alert SMS. SMS can be transmitted using the GSM technology to the doctor and advises can be sought for saving the life of the patient.
Keywords: GSM, ARM, LCD, BP monitoring device, heart beat sensor, temperature sensor.

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Prerana G. Patil, S. D. Sawant, "GSM BASED TELEALERT SYSTEM" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

EDM is now more economical non convectional machining process. It is used widely used on small scale as well major industries. EDM process is affect by so many process parameter which are electrical and non electrical. In this project work the rotating tool is used to improve the Metal removal rate (MRR) and to observe its effect on surface finish. I am using Taguchi's method as a design of experiments and response surface methodology for analysis and optimization. The machining parameters selected as a variables are pulse off time, pulse on time, servo voltage. The output measurement include MRR and surface roughness.
Index Terms— MMR, EDM, Process Parameter.

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Tarun Modi, Shaileshbhai sanawada, Jignesh Patel, "A review paper on Optimization of process parameter of EDM for air hardening tool steel" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) plays a key role in determining performance of the VLSI circuits implemented in state-of-the-art CMOS technology. A pre-requisite for employing SSTA is the characterization of the setup and hold times of the latches and flip-flops in the cell library. This paper presents a methodology to exploit the statistical codependence of the setupand hold times. The approach comprises of three steps. In the first step, probability mass function (pmf) of codependent setup and hold time (CSHT) contours are approximated with piecewise linear curves by considering the probability density functions of sources of variability. In the second step, Pmf of the required setup and hold times for each flip-flop in the design are computed. Finally, these Pmf values are used to compute the probability of individual flip-flops in the design passing the timing constraints and to report the overall pass probability of the flip-flops in the design as a histogram. We applied the proposed method to true single phase clocking flip-flops to generate the piecewise linear curves for CSHT. The characterized flip-flops were instantiated in an example design, on which timing verification was successfully performed.

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Shanigarapu Nareshkumar, "Probability Measurement of Setup And Hold Time With Statistical Static Timing Analysis" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) (GJ) are widely used in chemical, food and medicinal industries. Crocin and geniposide, the main constituents of GJ, have shown a diversity of biological activities including sedative, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. We propose some new bioactive chemicals could be derived from geniposide. The optimum transformation condition of geniposide into geniposidic acid still remains unclear. In order to develop a reactor, the information about the inherent reaction kinetics is required. In a microreactor (V =62.8 mL), geniposide (0.01 mole/L, 20 mL) and NaOH (0.1 equivalent/L, pH=13, 10mL) were left to react at 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 oC and tracked with HPLC. Results indicated that the reaction obeyed the pseudo-first order kinetics, the corresponding pseudo-first order rate constants ( ₁k ' ) were 11.064 h-1, 8.682 h^-1, 2.400 h^-1, 1.021 h^-1, and 0.750 h^-1, and the fractional conversions were 73.4%, 60.5%, 38.6%, 43.6%, and 51.8% at 0.50, 0.50, 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h. The energy of activation was 8.751 kJ mol^-1. Conclusively, this transformation obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics with a low energy of activation, 8.751 kJ mol^-1. The optimum transformations at 80oC and 70oC for 0.5 h were 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively.
Keywords: Fructus Gardeniae, geniposide, geniposidic acid, inherent reaction kinetics, microreactor.

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Chiu-Lan Hsieh, Wang-Chi Hsieh, Ping-Xiao Lin, Robert Y. Peng, "The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Geniposide in a Microreactor" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Khat (Catha sedulous foresk) is a plant that grows in a certain area of east Africa and Arab peninsula. A large number of peoples in Ethiopia chew chat leaves because of its pleasurable and stimulating effects. In the present study the levels of selected trace metals (Cu, Co, Cr and Fe) in two different kinds of Khat sampled from different khat shops in Arba Minch were analyzed. The discern weights of oven dried khat samples were digested by wet digestion using 3ml of HNO₃, 1ml of HClO₄ and 1ml of H₂O2 by setting the temperature first to 60oc for 30 min and then increased to 210oc for the next 2h and 30 min. The content of minerals in the digests was analyzed using flame atomic spectrometry. The concentration of the trace metals in dry weight (μg/g) were obtained in the khat samples Co 5μg/g, Cu 4μg/g, Fe 2.9μg/g and Cr 3μg/g. Among the metal content analyzed Co was the most abundant one followed by Cu and Cr whereas Fe was less abundant metal in khat sample that grown in Arba Minch area.
Key words: flame atomic spectrometry, khat (sedulous foresk) and wet digestion method.

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Ali Mohammed Yimer, Dr.Masood Akhtar Khan, "Determination Of Iron, Cobalt, Chromium And Copper Metals In Commercially Available Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) In Arba Minch, Ethiopia" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The conventional elastic analysis of thick walled cylinders to final radial & hoop stresses is applicable for the internal pressures up to yield strength of material. The stress is directly proportional to strain up to yield point Beyond elastic point, particularly in thick walled cylinders. The operating pressures are reduced or the material properties are strengthened. There is no such existing theory for the stress distributions around radial holes under impact of varying internal pressure. Present work puts thrust on this area and relation between pressure and stress distribution is plotted graphically based on observations. Here focus is on pure mechanical analysis & hence thermal, effects are not considered. The thick walled cylinders with a radial cross-hole ANSYS Macro program employed to evaluate the fatigue life of vessel. Stresses that remain in material even after removing applied loads are known as residual stresses. These stresses occur only when material begins to yield plastically. Residual stresses can be present in any mechanical structure because of many causes. Residual stresses may be due to the technological process used to make the component. Manufacturing processes lead to plastic deformation. Elasto plastic analysis with bilinear kinematic hardening material is performed to know the effect of hole sizes. It is observed that there are several factors which influence stress intensity factors. The Finite element analysis is conducted using commercial solvers ANSYS & CATIA. Theoretical formulae based results are obtained from MATLAB programs. The results are presented in form of graphs and tables.
Key words: Pressure, Stress, Strain, Analysis.

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G.Raju, K. Hari Babu, N.Siva nagaraju, K.Kiran chan, "Design and analysis of Stress on Thick Walled Cylinder with and with out Holes" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Poor irrigation practices and lack of drainage facilities have contributed to rising groundwater tables leading to soil salinization in the irrigated areas of central and southern Iraq. Salinity problems has robbed the production potential of the 70% of the total irrigated area of Iraq with up to 30% gone completely out of production. This situation has threatened the sustainability of irrigated agriculture which produces more than 70% of the total cereal production in Iraq. Most of the reclamation efforts in the past have focussed on the installation of surface drainage systems. Other management approaches such as excessive leaching, crop-based management and chemical amendments have also been used on a limited scale to enhance productivity of these soils. However success has been limited and the problems of salinity kept on increasing. Therefore there is an urgent need to develop a national strategy for the rehabilitation of these soils. This strategy should include establishment of an effective monitoring network to record spatial and temporal changes in the soil salinity and water quality. Rehabilitation of existing drainage systems and installation of new drainage systems in the needed areas should be given priority. Involvement of communities in the planning of such projects is necessary for sustainable and effective operation and maintenance of these projects.
Keywords: soil salinity, drainage systems, groundwater table, Iraq, irrigation management

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Asad Sarwar Qureshi and Adnan A. Al-Falahi, "Extent, Characterization and Causes of Soil Salinity in Central and Southern Iraq and Possible Reclamation Strategies" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

One of the most important factors influencing the decision whether and how a tunnel is to be built are the estimated time and costs of construction. This study is based on construction time analysis for different steps in drill-and-blast method of hydro power tunnel excavation in working phase of 6.256,00 meters of tunnels which have different diameters varying from 4,20 to 7,60. There are made 737 field measurements and it is seen that many of the machinery and workmanship productions rates per unit time are significantly lower, varying from 35% to 50%, of that defined in their technical specifications, measurements indicate that highest performance is reached in 7,60m diameter tunnel excavation. It is believed that these data will be helpful for planning and management process of tunnel construction projects, especially those planned to be built in Albania where labor market carries similar features.
Keywords: Albania, drill and blast, construction time, tunnel excavation

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Erion Periku, Algest Aga, "Construction Time Analysis For Different Steps In Drill-And-Blast Method Of Hydro Power Tunnel Excavation" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The rapid development and increasing spread of e-commerce technology utilization have led to inspiring more Libyan companies to inaugurate web sites on the internet, in order to make much benefit from the services render thereon, to increase the mutual exchanges between these companies and other states, in such a manner as to save time and cost and stock as well as to create a competitive advantage. However, there are some obstacles which impede making benefit from the advantages and opportunities the e-commerce attempts to make.The paper aimed to determine the most important obstacles that are facing the implementation of commerce, that is to say, technological, Legal, human and organizational obstacles in the Libyan companies. This is on one hand, however, the paper aimed, on the other, to know whether there is a correlation that is statistically significant between such obstacles as to affect the implementation of e-commerce and the level of utilization of the same by industrial and commercial companies in Libya.Findings have shown, on the whole, that there is a high positive correlation of statistical significance at (α = 0.01) and (α =0.05) levels between the obstacles which affect commerce and the level of e-commerce utilization, this is pursuant to the points of view of the managers of the companies in question.The paper has reached a number of findings which have shown the fact that there are many obstacles which may impede the growth of commerce in Libya. This is in addition to other significant findings the paper has reached. However, the paper has suggested a number of recommendations to help develop e-commerce in Libya.This paper also contributes substantially to enrich the applied research studies on commerce and its applied activities and provides in details the related debate on the similarities and proposals for future studies.
Keywords: E- commerce, marketing, internet, obstacles, Libya, implementation

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Mohamed Othman El-fitouri, "E-Commerce in Developing Countries: A Case Study on the Factors Affecting E-commerce Adoption in Libyan Companies" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

This paper discusses controlling of cascaded H-bridge multi inverter with sinusoidal modulation based PWM methods. Multi-level inverters are used to reduce the THD in the output wave form without reduction in power output of inverter. Increase in voltage level in the output voltage of an inverter increases numbers of components to be used in inverter configuration. This in turn increases the switching loss. But results in good harmonic distortion and provide better quality fundamental wave. Carrier based PWM schemes are used for control of switching operation of multi-level inverters. Many kinds of PWM schemes are available to control inverter switches. In this paper uniploar carrier based PWM, bipolar carrier based PWM schemes are considered for generation of carrier signals. The carrier signals thus generated are compared with sinusoidal and third harmonic based sinusoidal modulating signals for production of switching Pulses. Switching schemes are designed for a 3 Phase 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 Level inverters. The proposed switching schemes are applied to Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level inverters. The circuit is simulated with MATLAB Simulink environment for verification of total harmonic distortion.
Keywords: Bipolar carrier signals, Cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverter, MATLAB Simulink, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, third harmonic based sinusoidal pulse width modulation, unipolar carrier signals.

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Manikanth Addala, KRK Pandu, V.Satyanarayna, "A Comparison Analysis of Unipolar and Bipolar Switching modulated Cascade H-Bridge Multi Level Inverters" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The world demand for energy in recent decade has been dramatic. Indeed, several hydrocarbons reservoirs are depleted around the world. Moreover, the using of fossil fuels for example, natural gas and coal is emitted high quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the environment that contributed in global worming phenomenon. Hence, many researchers and energy companies are attended and investigated to find out a new and reliable renewable energy source for example, biogas and biodiesel. Indeed, biodiesel can consider a reliable fuel due to many advantages for instance, reduce the global worming phenomenon, reduces carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable energy source. In fact, biodiesel can be produced from several resources for example, vegetable oil and animal fats. Rapeseed oil may consider a quite reliable and cheap source to produce biodiesel. Indeed, it has been observed that during the spring session in Iraqi Kurdistan region, wild rapeseed flowers are growing naturally in many cities of Iraqi Kurdistan for example, Sulaymaniyah, Ranya and Koya. The observed wild rapeseed flowers are produced considerable amounts of rape seed that can be invested to produced rapeseed oil and biodiesel. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce a reliable biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil by adopting transesterification reaction. Furthermore, this study has also applied process production parameters to find out the optimum operating conditions to produce biodiesel form the rapeseed oil for instance, amount of catalyst 1.25 % KOH and amount of methanol on biodiesel production yield about 7:1.Moreover, several laboratory tests for example, density, cloud point, pour point and cetane value have been applied for the produced biodiesel.
Keywords: Biodiesel, renewable energy, Rapeseed oil, process optimization.

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Ribwar K. Abdulrahman, Hayman K. Mustafa And Brosk F. Ali, "The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock To Produce Biofuel And To Be Applied In Iraqi Kurdistan Region" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Keyword: FACTs Devices, Load Flow Study, Particle Swarm Optimization, Power System, Statcom

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Deepak Saini, Neeraj Saini, "A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm Optimization" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Keyword: Wind power, Wind Turbine, Renewable, Energy, Economic, Sustainable, Kuwait, Power Generation .

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Abdelkarim J.Ibreik and Humoud A. Alqatta, "The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case of Kuwait"" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are rated at standard test condition (STC) i.e. at irradiance of 1000 W/m2, temperature at 25 0C and solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5G. The actual output from the PV module in the field varies from its rated output due to change in ambient environmental conditions from the STC. The reduction in output due to temperature is determined by temperature coefficient which varies with the different types of solar module technologies. In this study, temperature coefficient of different types of commercially available solar modules is evaluated. The testing has been carried out at PV test facility of Solar Energy Centre, New Delhi. The modules are selected randomly from various manufactures. It is found that the average temperature coefficient of power for mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline and CdTe based modules are -0.446 %/°C, -0.387 %/°C and -0.172 %/°C respectively. In case of amorphous silicon module, only one sample is measured and the temperature coefficient is -0.234 %/°C. This study shows that the temperature coefficient for mono crystalline silicon module is higher than the other types of solar modules. This study provides an understanding on the variation in energy generation due to temperature correction between different cell technologies.
Keyword: Solar cell, photovoltaic module, STC, Temperature Coefficient, Power Output.

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P K Dash, N C Gupta, "Effect of Temperature on Power Output from Different Commercially available Photovoltaic Modules" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com