Peer Reviewed Journal

Multi-Response Ergonomic Evaluation of Higher Age Group CNC Machine Operators

Abstract: This work contributes to research on improving performance in a human-CNC machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this study is the use of a load cell to measure human performance. The developed novel system can measure cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system designed for this work may be used in other fields where systems are operated using control panels and for observing and evaluating the responses of mentally retarded persons (or persons with symptoms of Alzheimer‟s disease). The search time, motor action time and applied force were selected as response variables to accurately evaluate a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine operator‟s performance. Based on a Taguchi experimental design, a full factorial design consisting of 27 (33) experiments was used to collect data on human performance. The collected data were analyzed using grey relational analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the F-test. ANOVA was performed using Design-Expert software. The designed research was shown to have a reasonable degree of validity via a confirmation test. This study represents an effective approach for the optimization of a higher age group operator-CNC machine interface environment with multi-performance characteristics based on a combination of the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis. Relevance to industry: The findings of this work are directly applicable to the practical field to improve the design of a CNC-machines system. This work suggests that those responsible for the functioning and operation of CNC-machines workstations would have to redesign the system to reduce musculoskeletal injuries and other related problems. The present results can be quite useful for future system designers. It is emphasized that applying ergonomic principles to the design of CNC machines and interfaces can not only help to enhance machine performance and productivity but can also enable the human operator to feel comfortable and secure. As most companies have acquired automated manufacturing technology in recent years to be competitive, ergonomic and safety considerations are of the utmost importance.

Key words: Multi-performance; Search time; Motor action time; Applied force; Load cell; CNC-Environment.

Reference
[1] Antony, N.T. and Keir, P.J. (2010). Effects of posture, movement and hand load on shoulder muscle activity. Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(2), 191-198.
[2] Ayako, T., Hiroshi J., Maria, B.,Villanueva, G., Midori, S. and Susumu, S. (2002). Effects of the liquid crystal display tilt angle of a notebook computer on posture, muscle activities and somatic complaints. Industrial Ergonomics, 29(4), 219-229.
[3] Balasubramanian, V., Adalarasu, K. and Regulapati, R. (2009). Comparing dynamic and stationary standing postures in an assembly task. Industrial Ergonomics, 39 (5), 649-654.
[4] Batten, D.M., Schultz, K.L. and Sluchak, T.J. (1998). Optimal viewing angle for touch screen displays: Is there such a thing? Industrial Ergonomics, 22(4-5), 343-350.
[5] Bautmans, I., Vantieghem, S., Gorus, E., Grazzini, Yuri-Reva, Fierens, Y., Pool-Goudzwaard, A. and Mets, T. (2011). Age-related differences in pre-movement antagonist muscle co-activation and reaction-time performance. Journal of Experimental Gerontology, 46(8), 637-642.

An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable

Abstract: In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted. Operational controls with in the micro grid [such as cost have to be optimized at the same time it will satisfy the demand] are designed to support the integration of wind and solar power. By these process micro grid real time supply and demand will be maintain in symmetry. The simulation results are to be developed in MATLAB SIMULINK process for renewable power generation and fast charging load connected to the dc bus, droop control based responses.

Index terms: distributed energy resources, fast charging, droop control, electrical vehicle, micro grid, multilevel energy storage, power electronic conversion, emission constraint

Reference
[1] F. Giraud and Z.M.S alameh, "steady-state performance of a grid connected rooftop hybrid wind-photovoltaic power system with battery storage," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.16, no.1, pp.1-7, Mar.2001.
[2] B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, "Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of battery bank and pv array in a wind/pv hybrid system," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.11, no.2, pp.367-375, Mar.1996.
[3] A. L. Dimeas and N. D. Hatziargyriou, "operation of a multiagent system for microgrid control, "IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.20, no.3, pp.1447-1455., Mar.2005.
[4] F. Katiraei and M. R. Iravani, "power management strategies for a micro grid with multiple distributed generationunits," IEEE Trans. Power Syst" vol.21, no.4,pp. 1821-1831, Nov.2006.
[5] A. G. Madureira and J.A. Pecas Lopes, "Coordinated voltage support in distribution networks with distribution generation and microgrids ,"IET Renew. Power Generat., vol.3,no.4,pp.439-454,Dev.2009.

Rule-Based Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Modeling of Perceived Stress, And Cortisol Responses to Awakening

Abstract: In this paper, Two Mamdani type fuzzy models (four inputs–one output and two inputs–one output) were developed to test the hypothesis that high job demands and low job control (job strain) are associated with elevated free cortisol levels early in the working day and with reduced variability across the day and to evaluate the contribution of anger expression to this pattern. The models were derived from multiple data sources including One hundred five school teachers (41 men and 64 women) classified 12 months earlier as high (N = 48) or low (N = 57) in job strain according to the demand/control model sampled saliva at 2-hour intervals from 8:00 to 8:30 hours to 22:00 to 22:30 hours on a working day. The quality of the model was determined by comparing predicted and actual fuzzy classification and defuzzification of the predicted outputs to get crisp values for correlating estimates with published values. A modified form of the Hamming distance measure is proposed to compare predicted and actual fuzzy classification. An entropy measure is used to describe the ambiguity associated with the predicted fuzzy outputs. The four input model predicted over 70% of the test data within one-half of a fuzzy class of the published data. The two input model predicted over 40% of the test data within one-half of a fuzzy class of the published data. Comparison of the models show that the four input model exhibited less entropy than the two input model.

Key words: job strain, cortisol, anger, work stress, teaching, Mamdani fuzzy modeling, Hamming distance 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 90B22 Secondary 90B05; 60K30

Reference
[1] Luecken LJ, Suarez EC, Kuhn CM, Barefoot JC, Blumenthal JA, Siegler IC, Williams RB. Stress in employed women: impact of marital status and children at home on neurohormone output and home strain. Psychosom Med 1997;59:352–9.
[2] McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998;338:171–9.
[3] Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2468–73.
[4] Pham D.T, Castellani. M, Action aggregation and defuzzification in Mamdani-type fuzzy systems, in: Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part C, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 216 (2002) 747– 759.
[5] Julkunen J, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Chesney MA, Salonen JT. Hostility and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis, Psychosom Med 1994;56:519–25.

Flow Analysis in Two Pass Smooth Square Channel

Abstract: This project aim is to presenting the air flow analysis in two pass smooth square channel experiments. The experiments were carried out on a horizontally oriented two pass smooth square channel with turn in sharp 1800. The smooth square channel size was 2 cm. Calculations were performed by using CFD software "gambit &fluent". The predictions results of mass flow rate & heat transfer rate of the air flow inside the sharp 180° turn in square channel with using different Reynolds numbers (10000, 20000, 40000 & 60000) were compared against with experiment results obtained from based on journal. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using Gambit2.3.16&Fluent6.3.26 software with 2D, unsteady and turbulent flow conditions assumed. Three different turbulence models were used namely the k-ε, k  and Reynolds stress models in conjunction with non-equilibrium wall functions.

Key words: CFD, Gambit, Fluent, Reynolds numbers, turbulent flow

Reference
[1] G.V.phadtare et al. / international journal of engineering science and technology (IJEST)"experimental investigations of heat transfer enhancement in tip of 180-degree bend of square duct with vortex generator"
[2] Local Heat/Mass Transfer and Pressure Drop in a Two-Pass Rib-Roughened Channel for Turbine Airfoil Cooling by J.C. Han and P.R. Chandra Texas A & M University College Station, Texas
[3] an experimental and numerical convective heat transfer analysis over a transonic gas turbine rotor blade by keith baharath cassie KSME International Journal, Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 1258~ 1266, 2004 ,
[4] A Naphthalene Sublimation Study on Heat/Mass Transfer for Flow over a Flat Plate by ,long-Hark Park ,Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Dukjin-dong, 150 Yusung-gu, Taejeon 305-353, Korea
[5] International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 31 (2010) 19–31"Heat transfer and pressure drop in two-pass rib-roughened square channels with bleed from sharp bend" journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ i jhf f

Mitigation of Lower Order Harmonics with Filtered Svpwm In Multiphase Voltage Source Inverters

Abstract: Multi-phase machines and drives is a topic of growing relevance in recent years, and it presents many challenging issues that still need further research. This is the case of multi-phase space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), which shows not only more space vectors than the standard three-phase case, but also new subspaces where the space vectors are mapped. In the digital implementation, multiphase reference voltages are sampled and fed into the digital modulator to produce gating signals at a constant clock rate f. This means a finite pulse-width resolution because the gating state transition can only occur at some specific time instants depending on frequency. This results in a deviation of produced phase voltages from the desired phase voltages, i.e., increasing harmonic distortion especially for a small modulation index signal. In the present paper a filtered space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) considering finite pulse-width resolution is proposed to produce a switching sequence with reduced baseband harmonics for multiphase voltage source inverters (VSI). This is achieved by incorporating a pseudo feedback loop regarding weighted voltage difference between desired and produced phase voltages.

Key words: SVPWM, Voltage Source inverters, Harmonic Distortion.

Reference
[1] A. H. John and A. G. Duncan, "The use of harmonic distortion to increase the output voltage of a three-phase PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-20, no. 5, pp. 1224–1228, Sep./Oct. 1984.
[2] Z. Keliang and W. Danwei, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM: A comprehensive analysis," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 186–196, Feb. 2002.
[3] O. Lopez, J. Alvarze, D. G. Jesus, and F. D. Freijedo, "Multilevel multiphase space vector PWM algorithm with switching state redundancy," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 792–804, Mar. 2009.
[4] Y. H. Liu, C. L. Chen, and R. J. Tu, "A novel space-vector current regulation scheme for a field-oriented-controlled induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 730–737, Oct. 1998.
[5] D. W. Chung, J. S. Kim, and S. K. Sul, "Unified voltage modulation technique for real-time three-phase power conversion," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 374–380, Mar./Apr. 1998.

Domotics – A Cost Effective Smart Home Automation System Using Wifi as Network Infrastructure

Abstract: This paper describes an investigation into the potential for remote controlled operation of home automation (also called as Domotics) systems. It considers problems with their implementation, discusses possible solutions through various network technologies and indicates how to optimize the use of such systems. This paper emphasizes on the design and prototype implementation of new home automation system that uses WiFi technology as a network infrastructure connecting its parts. The proposed can be viewed on two fold; the first part is the software (web server), which presents system core that manages, controls, and monitors users' home. Users and system administrator can locally (LAN) or remotely (internet) manage the system code. Second part is hardware interface module, which provides appropriate interface to sensors and actuator of home automation system. Unlike most of available home automation system in the market the proposed system is scalable that one server can manage many hardware interface modules as long as it exists on WiFi network coverage.

Index terms: Domotics, Home automation, Networking, WiFi

Reference
[1] Dr. Shaik Meeravali, P. Sai Prasad, GSM based home automation with security (using microcontroller), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, Vol2-Issue 9 (September – 2013), e-ISSN 2278-0181, www.ijert.org.
[2] Y.Usha Devi, Wireless Home Automation System Using ZigBee, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2012 ISSN 2229-5518 ,IJSER © 2012 , http ://www.ijser.org.
[3] D.NARESH, CHAKRADHAR2, S.KRISHNAVENI, Bluetooth Based Home Automation and Security System Using ARM9,International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013 ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4052 ,
[4] http://:www.arduino.cc
[5] http://:www.learnadafruit.com

Performance Analysis of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) System

Abstract: With the concept of 3G & 4G services OCDMA is one of the important technologies, that provide a very high speed communication. In this technology multiple users can communicate simultaneously to transfer different kind of data. OCDMA enables the best use of available bandwidth and the spectrum to represent a cost efficient network. But in a network there is always the requirement to increase the security and the efficiency or the throughput of a multiuser communication in the OCDMA network. The proposed work is about to increase the efficiency in a Noisy channel. Here the work will be performed on impulse noised network. We are here proposing the orthogonal approach along with OCDMA to improve the throughput. We are trying to show the results in terms of noise ratio and the derived throughput. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OFDM along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Orthogonal CDMA.

Key words: OCDMA, TDMA, FDMA, MATLAB

Reference
[1] Harmandeep Singh,‖ Performance Analysis of Optical CDMA using Fuzzy Logic Generator‖ THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA July 2008
[2] Dhananjay1 *, Amita Soni1, Sanjeev Kumar,‖ Design of Enhanced Throughput Approach in Noisy Environment using Orthogonal-CDMA‖August, 2011
[3] C. B. M. Rashidi, S. A. Aljunid, F. Ghani, ‖ Design of a New Class of Codes with Zero in Phase CrossCorrelation for Spectral Amplitude Coding‖ International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.11 No.6, June 2011
[4] Shlomo Shamai (Shitz), Fellow, IEEE, and Aaron D. Wyner, Fellow, ―Information-Theoretic Considerations for Symmetric, Cellular, Multiple-Access Fading Channels‖—Part II IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL.43, NO. 6, NOVEMBER1997
[5] Md. Jahedul Islam and Md. Rafiqul Islam,‖ Impact of GVD and SPM on the Performance of DS-OCDMA‖ JOURNAL OF NETWORKS,VOL. 6, NO. 1, JANUARY 2011

Heat Transfer Analysis to Optimize The Water Cooling Scheme For Combustion Device

Abstract: Thermal Propulsion system is one kind of propulsion system which is used to drive torpedo. The present study focuses mainly on design of combustion device known to be thrust chamber or thrust cylinder. The chamber and nozzle wall and the injector face plate must be made of metals selected for high strength at elevated temperature coupled with good thermal conductivity, resistance to high temperature oxidation. chemical inertness on the coolant on the coolant side, and suitability for the fabrication method to be employed. In the case of certain monopropellants, the metal must not catalyze the decomposition. Although aluminum and copper alloys have been used successfully for combustion chambers and nozzles, stainless steels and carbon steels are in widest use today.A cooling jacket permits the circulation of a coolant, which, in the case of flight engines is usually one of the propellants. Water is the only coolant recommended. The cooling jacket consists of an inner and outer wall. The combustion chamber forms the inner wall and another concentric but larger cylinder provides the outer wall. The space between the walls serves as the coolant passage. The nozzle throat region usually has the highest heat transfer intensity and is, therefore, the most difficult to cool.

Key words: combustion device, thrust chamber.

Reference
[1] "Sutton, G.P., Rocket Propulsion Elements- An Introduction to the Engineering of Rockets. Wiley, NewYork, 1986.
[2] Engines," Acta Astronautic a, Vol.8. 2. Kalin, V.M.,and Sherstiannikov, V.A.," Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Starting Process in Liquid Propellant 1979.pp.231-242.
[3] Katto,Y.," Prediction of Critical Heat Flux of Subcooled flow Boiling in Round Tubes," International journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.33.No.9.1987. pp.1921-1928.
[4] T.J. Avampato and Saltiel university of Florida, Gainesville.Florida32611,says Dynamic Modeling of Srarting Capabilities of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines.
[5] Gilbert, M., Davis. and Altman, D. Velocity lag of Particles in linearly accelerated combustion gases. Am. Rocket Soc.25-26- 30(1955).

Self Compacting Concrete And Its Properties

Abstract: Self-compacting concrete (SCC), which flows under its own weight and doesn't require any external vibration for compaction, has revolutionized concrete placement. Such concrete should have relatively low yield value to ensure high flow ability, a moderate viscosity to resists segregation and bleeding and must maintain its homogeneity during transportation, placing and curing to ensure adequate structural performance and long term durability. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as a fresh concrete which possesses superior flow ability under maintained stability (i.e. no segregation) thus allowing self-compaction that is, material consolidation without addition of energy. Self-compacting concrete is a fluid mixture suitable for placing in structures with Congested reinforcement without vibration and it helps in achieving higher quality of surface finishes. However utilization of high reactive Metakaolin and Flyash asan admixtures as an effective pozzolan which causes great improvement in the porestructure. The relative proportions of key components are considered by volumerather than by mass. self compacting concrete (SCC) mix design with 29% of coarse aggregate, replacement of cement with Metakaolin and class F flyash, combinations of both and controlled SCC mix with 0.36 water/cementitious ratio(by weight) and388 litre/m3 of cement paste volume. Crushed granite stones of size 16mm and12.5mm are used with a blending 60:40 by percentage weight of total coarse aggregate. Self-compacting concrete compactibility is affected by the characteristics of materials and the mix proportions; it becomes necessary to evolve a procedure formix design of SCC. The properties of different constituent materials used in this investigation and its standard tests procedures for acceptance characteristics of self compacting concrete such as slump flow, V-funnel and L-Box are presented.

Key words: Self Compacting Concrete, Flyash , Properties.

Reference
[1] Assie, S., Escadeillas, G. and Waller, V. 2007. Estimates of self-compacting concrete 'potential' durability.
[2] Construction and Building Materials, 21 (10): 1909-1917.
[3] ASTM C 143-03. 2003. Standard test method for slump of hydraulic cement concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1-8.
[4] ASTM C 494. 1992. Standard specifications for chemical admixtures for concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
[5] Baoguo, Ma and Huixian, Wang. 2011. Effect of viscosity modifying admixture on the workability of self-compacting concrete, Advanced Material Research, 306-307: 946-950.

Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites

Abstract: The Flexural, Impact properties and Scanning electron microscope analysis of Bamboo/glass fibers Reinforced polyester Hybrid composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that the Flexural, impact properties of the hybrid composite increase with glass fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced polyester composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied.

Key words: Dendrocalamus strictus, Bamboo fiber, Glass fiber, polyster Resin, SEM, Flexural Properties, Impact Properties, Hybrid Composites.

Reference
[1] Jindal, U.C. 1986 Development and testing of bamboo fibers reinforced plastic composites. Journal of Composites. 20: 19-22.
[2] Varadarajulu, A., Narasimha Chary, K. and Rama Chandra Reddy, G. 2003. Void content, density, weight reduction and mechanical properties of short bamboo fibers/stryrenated polyester composites. Journal of Bamboo & Rattan. 2(2): 95-102.
[3] Varadarajulu, A., Narasimha Chary, K., Rama Chandra Reddy, G., Babu Rao, G. and Ganga Devi, L. 2002. Thermo gravimetric analysis of dendro calamus strictus bamboo fibers. Journal of bamboo and Rattan. I(3): 247-250.
[4] Varadarajulu, A., Babu Rao, G. and Lakshminarayana Reddy, R. 2001. Chemical resistance and tensile properties of epoxy/poly carbonate blend coated bamboo fibers. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 20(4): 335-340.
[5] Varadarajulu, A., Ganga Devi, L., Babu Rao, G. and Lakshminarayana Reddy, R. 2003. Chemical resistance and tensile properties of epoxy/unsaturated blend coated bamboo fibers. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 22(11): 1029-1034

Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Using DVR

Abstract: The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the fast, flexible and efficient solution to improve the power quality for such distribution network [8]. The active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operations are the major source of affecting power quality. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the improvements obtained with DVR in power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this paper, an overview of the DVR, its functions, configurations, components, control strategies are reviewed. The Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of DVR in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The results showed clearly the performance of using DVR in improving THD level.

Key words: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), PI controller, Power Quality, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).

Reference
[1] 1.AL Jowder Fawzi "Modeling and simulation of Different System Topologies for Dynamic Voltage Restorer" Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, EPECS '09. International Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6, 2009.
[2] 2. Boonchiaml Paisan, Mithulananthan Nadarajah, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi Thailand, "Detailed Analysis of Load Voltage Restorers" TENCON, IEEE region 10 conference, pp. 1-4, 2006.
[3] 3. Chang C.S., Ho Y.S., "The Influence of Motor Loads on the Voltage Restoration Capability of the Dynamic Voltage Restorer". Power System Technology. Proceedings, Power Con, International Conference, vol, 2pp. 637-642, 2000.
[4] 4. Ferdi B., Dib S., Dehini R., University of Bechar, Algeria. "Adaptive PI Control of Dynamic Voltage Restorer Using Fuzzy Logic" Journal of Electrical Engineering: Theory and Application Vol.1, pp. 165-173, 2010.
[5] 5. Godsk Nielsen John and Blaabjerg Frede "Control Strategies for Dynamic Voltage Restorer Compensating Voltage Sags with Phase Jump", Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, IEEE, vol. 2.pp. 1267-1273, 2001.

Photovoltaic Modules Performance Loss Evaluation for Nsukka, South East Nigeria and Mitigable Designs

Abstract: The Photovoltaic (PV) systems and technology offer excellent reliability when designed with the right implementation tools and based on good technical judgements of components that make up each of the critical sections of solar power system. The PV array is an essential section of a solar power system and it is expected to function to deliver pre – estimated power based on design estimations. There are factors that derail the performance of PV modules; the contributions of these factors are peculiar to specific sites of installation, hence the need to empirically evaluate and characterize installation sites before deployment of PV systems. This paper presents the characterization of Nsukka (South East, Nigeria) environment using decent instrumentation; and consequently highlights the power loss indicators for PV modules in the target site while presenting equally mitigable design.

Key words: Array, Irradiance, NECOP, Power, PV, STC, String

Reference
[1] Daniyan O.L., Daniyan I.A. "Towards Sustainable Solar Power System in Nigeria: The Planning and Budgeting Considerations" International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research (IJSER), Vol. 5, Issue 7, July 2014. Pp 348 – 352.
[2] Energy Market Authority "Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems".
[3] Okeke N. (FAS), Daniyan O.L. "The Nigerian Environmental Climatic Observing Program (NECOP)" Climate Change and the Nigerian Environment Conference Proceedings, 29th June to 2nd July, 2009. University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[4] David L. King, Jay A. Kratochvil "Temperature coefficients for PV Modules and Arrays: Measurement Methods, Difficulties, and Results".
[5] Arvizu, Dan et al. "Direct Solar Energy. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 2011.

Mirce Functionability Equation

Abstract: Scientific principles and concepts expressed through the laws, equations and formulas are the bedrock for the prediction of the deign-in functionality performance of any engineering creation. However, there are not equivalent when the in-service functionability predictions have to be made. Hence, Mirce Mechanics has been created at the MIRCE Akademy to fulfil the roll. The main purpose of this paper is to present the development and application of Mirce Functionability Equation which is the bedrock for the prediction of the in-service motion of functionability performance of maintainable systems.

Reference
[1] Knezevic, J., Functionability in Motion, Proceedings 10th International Conference on Dependability and Quality, DQM Institute, 2010, Belgrade, Serbia.
[2] Zaczyk, I., Analysis of the Influence of Atmospheric Radiation Induced Single Event Effects on Avionics Failures, Master Diploma Dissertation, MIRCE Akademy, 2008.
[3] Knezevic, J., Scientific Scale of Reliability, Proceedings of International Conference on Reliability, Safety and Hazard, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2010, Mumbai, India.
[4] Zaczyk. I., Knezevic, J. , Cosmic Phenomena in Mirce Mechanics Approach to Reliability and Safety, International Journal of Life Cycle Reliability and safety, Vol 2, Issue No 2, 2013, ISSn-2250 0820, Society for Reliability and Safety, India.
[5] Bader, R.F.W., Atoms in Molecules: a Quantum Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1990. ISBN 978-0-19-855866-1

Aerodynamic Drag Reduction for A Generic Sport Utility Vehicle Using Rear Suction

Abstract: The high demand for new and improved aerodynamic drag reduction devices has led to the invention of flow control mechanisms and continuous suction is a promising strategy that does not have major impact on vehicle geometry. The implementation of this technique on sport utility vehicles (SUV) requires adequate choice of the size and location of the opening as well as the magnitude of the boundary suction velocity. In this paper we introduce a new methodology to identifying these parameters for maximum reduction in aerodynamic drag. The technique combines automatic modeling of the suction slit, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a global search method using orthogonal arrays. It is shown that a properly designed suction mechanism can reduce drag by up to 9%..

Key words: Aerodynamics, Fluid dynamics, Optimization, Taguchi Method, CFD based optimization

Reference
[1] Hucho, W.H., Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, 4th Edition, SAE International, 1998
[2] Sovran, G., et al. (ed), Aerodynamic drag mechanisms of Bluff Bodies and Road Vehicles, Plenum Press, New York, 1978
[3] Hucho, W.H., Sovran, G., Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, Vol. 25: 485-537, 1993
[4] Achenbach, E., Distribution of Local Pressure and SkinFriction around a Circular Cylinder in Cross-Flow up to 5×106, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 34, Pt.4, 1968
[5] Von Karman,Th., Turbulence and Skin Friction, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 1, No 1, pp.1-20, 1934

Crystal Growth and Characterization of Cobalt Doped Barium Tartrate Crystals by Silica Gel Method

Abstract: Single crystals of Cobalt doped Barium tartrate crystals were grown by single diffusion technique at room temperature. Effect of Cobalt doping in the Barium tartarate crystals has been studied and reported. The XRD pattern shows that Cobalt barium tartarate crystals are polycrystalline in nature and having orthorhombic structure. SEM pictures infer that crystals were grown by layer deposition. The elemental analysis has been carried out by EDAX. The chemical analysis has been performed by FTIR to denote the functional group of grown crystal. The thermal stability has been studied by the TGA, DTG and DSC.

Key words: Single diffusion, XRD, SEM, FTIR, Thermal analysis.

Reference
[1] http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1991.old/Uksi_19911392_en_1.htm#end.
[2] J. Valasek, Piezo-Electric and Allied Phenomena in Rochelle Salt, Phys. Rev., 17, 1921, 475.
[3] I. V. Veseleya, V. I. Gorodyski, Voprosy Onkol., 3, 1975, 300.
[4] K. D. Parikh, B. B. Parekh, D. J. Dave, M. J. Joshi, Investigation of Various Growth Parameters, FTIR and Thermal Studies of Gel Grown Pure and Mixed Levo-tartrates of Calcium and Strontium, Indian J. Phys., 80, 2006, 719.
[5] R. M. Dabhi, M. J. Joshi, Indian J. Phys. 2002, 76A, 211.

Comparison of Multilevel Inverter Topologies for STATCOM Applications

Abstract: In this paper is to present an comparison of four different STATCOM multilevel inverter topologies which are suitable to be connected to the un-linear loads and unbalancing loads. The majority of power consumption has been drawn in reactive loads. These loads are drawn in low power factor and therefore give rise to reactive power burden in the power system. So that STATCOM controller is used to compensate reactive power, correction of power factor and elimination of current harmonics. This paper mainly focuses the analysis issues of the Cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade I–bridge and Incremental – reduction cascade H-bridge multilevel topologies with PWM technique for STATCOM applications; Inverter operation play a vital in STATCOM, presenting a methods for best suitable in the point of low THD, better output, cost and efficiency. MATLAB/SIMULINK results are present in this paper of multilevel inverter four topologies for STATCOM applications with Instantaneous p – q theory controller implemented.

Reference
[1] L. Gyugyi, E. C. Strycula, "Active AC Power Filters"- in Proc. IEEE/IAS Annu. Meeting, Vol.19-c, pp 529-535, 1976
[2] Hirofumi Akagi, Yoshihira Kanazawa, Akira Nabae "Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Device s without Energy Storage Components"- IEEE Trans on Industry Appl, Vol.I1-20, No.3, pp.625-630, 1984
[3] E. H. Watanabe, R. M. Stephan, M. Aredes, "New Concepts of Instantaneous Active and Reactive Powers in Electrical Systems with Generic Loads"- IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol.8, No.2, pp.697-703, 1993.
[4] Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad & Ambrish Chandra, "A New Control Approach to 3-phase Active Filter for Harmonics and Reactive Power Compensation"-IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 46, NO. 5, pp.133 – 138, Oct-1999
[5] W. K. Chang, W. M. Grady, Austin, M. J. Samotyj "Meeting IEEE- 519 Harmonic Voltage and Voltage Distortion Constraints with an Active Power Line Conditioner"- IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, Vol.9, No.3, pp.1531-1537, 1994

Sanitation Coverage And Impact Of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Zone With Special Reference To Nepal: A Review

Abstract: The basic needs of people such as safe drinking water, improved hygiene and sanitation must be fulfilled for a dignified life of human being. Sanitation is one of the major components which directly impact the living standard of people. However, people in many parts of the world have not got the sanitized condition and have been living in a non-hygienic situation. About 35% (2.5 billion) populations in the world are still lacking to access improved sanitation. There are many indicators of sanitized society but toilet is considered as one of the important ones. In Nepal, around 62% households have got the facility of toilet. This indicates that 38 % of households have no access to toilets and defecate openly. As a result people have got poor hygiene and sanitation environment. In turn, the country has got the loss of NRs. 10 billion annually. The objective of this paper is to explore the knowledge on open defecation (OD). OD is being eradicated from many parts of the world. Many western countries have already been free from OD. But this problem still exists in most of the developing and under-developed countries like Nepal. Though the adverse impact of OD is very high; people are not aware. Construction of toilets by providing outside support for the ultra poor people is not the rational way of eradication of OD. Technical and financial support for toilet construction could be effective if people are aware.

Key words: Sanitation, open defecation, Terai, Mountain, Nepal

Reference
[1] Bartram, 2013. How Health Professionals can Leverage Health Gains from Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices. Perspectives in Public Health pp. 215–221.
[2] WHO and UNICEF progress Report on Drinking water & Sanitation, 2012, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, page 2
[3] CBS, 2011. Report on National Population Census. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal (GoN).
[4] Devkota, B., 2011. An Operational Study on 'Open Defecation Free (ODF) Situation' in Nepal. Kathmandu: Water Aid.
[5] DoE, 2011. School level education statistics of Nepal/Consolidated report. Kathmandu: Department of education, Government of Nepal (GoN).

Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Using Refined Third Order Shear Deformation Theory

Abstract: Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials, typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates. Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations.

Key words: functionally graded materials, thermal loads, improved third order shear deformation theory, Ritz method

Reference
[1] Aboudi, J., Pindera, M. J., and Arnold, S. M., 1999, "Higher-Order Theory for Functionally Graded Materials," Compos. Pt. B-Eng., 30(8), pp. 777-832.
[2] Shi, G. A new simple third-order shear deformation theory of plates. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44, 4399-4417.2007
[3] Shimpi, R. & Patel, H. 2006b. A two variable refined plate theory for orthotropic plate analysis. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 43, 6783-6799
[4] Ugural, A. C. 1999. Stresses in plates and shells, Boston, WCB/McGraw Hill.
[5] Kim, Y. 2005. Temperature dependent vibration analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 284, 531-549.

Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based Distribution System

Abstract: This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.

Index Terms: Active Power Filter,Distribution generation, fuzzy logic controller.

Reference
[1] MukhtiarSingh,VinodKhadkikar, Ambrish Chandra, and Rajiv K. Varma, ―Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level With Power-Quality Improvement Features,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 1, Jan. 2011.
[2] J. M. Guerrero, L. G. de Vicuna, J. Matas, M. Castilla, and J. Miret, ―A wireless controller to enhance dynamic performance of parallel in-verters in distributed generation systems,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Elec-tron., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1205–1213, Sep. 2004.
[3] J. H. R. Enslin and P. J. M. Heskes, ―Harmonic interaction between a large number of distributed power inverters and the distribution net-work,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1586–1593, Nov. 2004.
[4] Mehmet Ucar, Engin Ozdemir "Control of a 3-phase 4-leg active power filter under non-ideal mains voltage condition" Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 58–73.
[5] Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ambrish Chandra, Member, IEEE "A Review of Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement",‖ IEEE Trans.lind. Elec-tron., vol. 46, no. 5, Sep. 1999.

Crosscutting Specification Interference Detection at Aspect Oriented UML-Based Models: A Database Approach

Abstract: In aspect oriented development, obliviousness is one of its pillars as it helps developers to implement crosscutting concerns via aspects, which increases the overall software modularity. Despite of its merits, obliviousness brings the problem of interferences among aspects as several aspects pointcuts may address the same joinpoint for the same advice. Existing approaches deals with conflicts at design level use graphs structures, which increase in size as project size increases. In this work, a relational database model is used to map aspect oriented design models and then conflicts are extracted by an algorithm runs over this database. This approach is simpler than other approaches and enables large project sizes while the other approaches get complicated due to increment in graph size. The proposed approach can be extended to the distributed team development, dependent on the database engine used.

Key words: Aspect Oriented Development, Crosscutting Concerns, Databases, Interference Detection.

Reference
[1] Berg, Klaas van den, Conejero, Jose Maria and Chitchyan, Ruzanna. AOSD ontology 1.0 public ontology of aspect orientation. s.l. : Common Foundation for AOSD, 2005. p. 90, Report.
[2] Aspects: Conflicts and Interferences (A Survey). André Restivo, Ademar Aguiar. 2007. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Methodologies for Scientific Research. pp. 145-153.
[3] Robert E. Filman, Daniel P. Friedman. Aspect-Oriented Programming is Quantification and Obliviousness. Research Inistitution for Advanced Computer Science. s.l. : Workshop on Advanced Separation of Concerns, 2001.
[4] Durr, Pascal, Bergmans, Lodewijik and Aksit, Mehmet. Reasoning about Behavioral Conflicts between Aspects. Enschede : University of Twente, 2007. Technical Report . TR-CTIT-07-15.
[5] Katz, Emillia, et al. Detecting Interference Among Aspects. Computing Department, Lancaster University. Lancaster : European Network of Excellence on Aspect-Oriented Software Development, 2007. p. 38, Report.

S.No.	Title	Page	Downloads
1.	Multi-Response Ergonomic Evaluation of Higher Age Group CNC Machine Operators Multi-Response Ergonomic Evaluation of Higher Age Group CNC Machine Operators Abstract: This work contributes to research on improving performance in a human-CNC machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this study is the use of a load cell to measure human performance. The developed novel system can measure cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system designed for this work may be used in other fields where systems are operated using control panels and for observing and evaluating the responses of mentally retarded persons (or persons with symptoms of Alzheimer‟s disease). The search time, motor action time and applied force were selected as response variables to accurately evaluate a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine operator‟s performance. Based on a Taguchi experimental design, a full factorial design consisting of 27 (33) experiments was used to collect data on human performance. The collected data were analyzed using grey relational analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the F-test. ANOVA was performed using Design-Expert software. The designed research was shown to have a reasonable degree of validity via a confirmation test. This study represents an effective approach for the optimization of a higher age group operator-CNC machine interface environment with multi-performance characteristics based on a combination of the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis. Relevance to industry: The findings of this work are directly applicable to the practical field to improve the design of a CNC-machines system. This work suggests that those responsible for the functioning and operation of CNC-machines workstations would have to redesign the system to reduce musculoskeletal injuries and other related problems. The present results can be quite useful for future system designers. It is emphasized that applying ergonomic principles to the design of CNC machines and interfaces can not only help to enhance machine performance and productivity but can also enable the human operator to feel comfortable and secure. As most companies have acquired automated manufacturing technology in recent years to be competitive, ergonomic and safety considerations are of the utmost importance. Key words: Multi-performance; Search time; Motor action time; Applied force; Load cell; CNC-Environment. Reference [1] Antony, N.T. and Keir, P.J. (2010). Effects of posture, movement and hand load on shoulder muscle activity. Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(2), 191-198. [2] Ayako, T., Hiroshi J., Maria, B.,Villanueva, G., Midori, S. and Susumu, S. (2002). Effects of the liquid crystal display tilt angle of a notebook computer on posture, muscle activities and somatic complaints. Industrial Ergonomics, 29(4), 219-229. [3] Balasubramanian, V., Adalarasu, K. and Regulapati, R. (2009). Comparing dynamic and stationary standing postures in an assembly task. Industrial Ergonomics, 39 (5), 649-654. [4] Batten, D.M., Schultz, K.L. and Sluchak, T.J. (1998). Optimal viewing angle for touch screen displays: Is there such a thing? Industrial Ergonomics, 22(4-5), 343-350. [5] Bautmans, I., Vantieghem, S., Gorus, E., Grazzini, Yuri-Reva, Fierens, Y., Pool-Goudzwaard, A. and Mets, T. (2011). Age-related differences in pre-movement antagonist muscle co-activation and reaction-time performance. Journal of Experimental Gerontology, 46(8), 637-642. Imtiaz Ali Khan	01-21
2.	An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Resources Connected To A Dc Load Through Dc Bus An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Abstract: In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted. Operational controls with in the micro grid [such as cost have to be optimized at the same time it will satisfy the demand] are designed to support the integration of wind and solar power. By these process micro grid real time supply and demand will be maintain in symmetry. The simulation results are to be developed in MATLAB SIMULINK process for renewable power generation and fast charging load connected to the dc bus, droop control based responses. Index terms: distributed energy resources, fast charging, droop control, electrical vehicle, micro grid, multilevel energy storage, power electronic conversion, emission constraint Reference [1] F. Giraud and Z.M.S alameh, "steady-state performance of a grid connected rooftop hybrid wind-photovoltaic power system with battery storage," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.16, no.1, pp.1-7, Mar.2001. [2] B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, "Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of battery bank and pv array in a wind/pv hybrid system," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.11, no.2, pp.367-375, Mar.1996. [3] A. L. Dimeas and N. D. Hatziargyriou, "operation of a multiagent system for microgrid control, "IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.20, no.3, pp.1447-1455., Mar.2005. [4] F. Katiraei and M. R. Iravani, "power management strategies for a micro grid with multiple distributed generationunits," IEEE Trans. Power Syst" vol.21, no.4,pp. 1821-1831, Nov.2006. [5] A. G. Madureira and J.A. Pecas Lopes, "Coordinated voltage support in distribution networks with distribution generation and microgrids ,"IET Renew. Power Generat., vol.3,no.4,pp.439-454,Dev.2009. G. Mahesh Kumar, Y.Damodharam, S. Suresh	22-28
3.	Rule-Based Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Modeling of Perceived Stress, And Cortisol Responses to Awakening Rule-Based Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Modeling of Perceived Stress, And Cortisol Responses to Awakening Abstract: In this paper, Two Mamdani type fuzzy models (four inputs–one output and two inputs–one output) were developed to test the hypothesis that high job demands and low job control (job strain) are associated with elevated free cortisol levels early in the working day and with reduced variability across the day and to evaluate the contribution of anger expression to this pattern. The models were derived from multiple data sources including One hundred five school teachers (41 men and 64 women) classified 12 months earlier as high (N = 48) or low (N = 57) in job strain according to the demand/control model sampled saliva at 2-hour intervals from 8:00 to 8:30 hours to 22:00 to 22:30 hours on a working day. The quality of the model was determined by comparing predicted and actual fuzzy classification and defuzzification of the predicted outputs to get crisp values for correlating estimates with published values. A modified form of the Hamming distance measure is proposed to compare predicted and actual fuzzy classification. An entropy measure is used to describe the ambiguity associated with the predicted fuzzy outputs. The four input model predicted over 70% of the test data within one-half of a fuzzy class of the published data. The two input model predicted over 40% of the test data within one-half of a fuzzy class of the published data. Comparison of the models show that the four input model exhibited less entropy than the two input model. Key words: job strain, cortisol, anger, work stress, teaching, Mamdani fuzzy modeling, Hamming distance 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 90B22 Secondary 90B05; 60K30 Reference [1] Luecken LJ, Suarez EC, Kuhn CM, Barefoot JC, Blumenthal JA, Siegler IC, Williams RB. Stress in employed women: impact of marital status and children at home on neurohormone output and home strain. Psychosom Med 1997;59:352–9. [2] McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998;338:171–9. [3] Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2468–73. [4] Pham D.T, Castellani. M, Action aggregation and defuzzification in Mamdani-type fuzzy systems, in: Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part C, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 216 (2002) 747– 759. [5] Julkunen J, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Chesney MA, Salonen JT. Hostility and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis, Psychosom Med 1994;56:519–25. P. Senthil Kumar & B. Mohamed Harif	29-35
4.	Flow Analysis in Two Pass Smooth Square Channel Flow Analysis in Two Pass Smooth Square Channel Abstract: This project aim is to presenting the air flow analysis in two pass smooth square channel experiments. The experiments were carried out on a horizontally oriented two pass smooth square channel with turn in sharp 1800. The smooth square channel size was 2 cm. Calculations were performed by using CFD software "gambit &fluent". The predictions results of mass flow rate & heat transfer rate of the air flow inside the sharp 180° turn in square channel with using different Reynolds numbers (10000, 20000, 40000 & 60000) were compared against with experiment results obtained from based on journal. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using Gambit2.3.16&Fluent6.3.26 software with 2D, unsteady and turbulent flow conditions assumed. Three different turbulence models were used namely the k-ε, k  and Reynolds stress models in conjunction with non-equilibrium wall functions. Key words: CFD, Gambit, Fluent, Reynolds numbers, turbulent flow Reference [1] G.V.phadtare et al. / international journal of engineering science and technology (IJEST)"experimental investigations of heat transfer enhancement in tip of 180-degree bend of square duct with vortex generator" [2] Local Heat/Mass Transfer and Pressure Drop in a Two-Pass Rib-Roughened Channel for Turbine Airfoil Cooling by J.C. Han and P.R. Chandra Texas A & M University College Station, Texas [3] an experimental and numerical convective heat transfer analysis over a transonic gas turbine rotor blade by keith baharath cassie KSME International Journal, Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 1258~ 1266, 2004 , [4] A Naphthalene Sublimation Study on Heat/Mass Transfer for Flow over a Flat Plate by ,long-Hark Park ,Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Dukjin-dong, 150 Yusung-gu, Taejeon 305-353, Korea [5] International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 31 (2010) 19–31"Heat transfer and pressure drop in two-pass rib-roughened square channels with bleed from sharp bend" journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ i jhf f R.T.SARATH BABU, D.KRISHAIAH	36-46
5.	Mitigation of Lower Order Harmonics with Filtered Svpwm In Multiphase Voltage Source Inverters Mitigation of Lower Order Harmonics with Filtered Svpwm In Multiphase Voltage Source Inverters Abstract: Multi-phase machines and drives is a topic of growing relevance in recent years, and it presents many challenging issues that still need further research. This is the case of multi-phase space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), which shows not only more space vectors than the standard three-phase case, but also new subspaces where the space vectors are mapped. In the digital implementation, multiphase reference voltages are sampled and fed into the digital modulator to produce gating signals at a constant clock rate f. This means a finite pulse-width resolution because the gating state transition can only occur at some specific time instants depending on frequency. This results in a deviation of produced phase voltages from the desired phase voltages, i.e., increasing harmonic distortion especially for a small modulation index signal. In the present paper a filtered space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) considering finite pulse-width resolution is proposed to produce a switching sequence with reduced baseband harmonics for multiphase voltage source inverters (VSI). This is achieved by incorporating a pseudo feedback loop regarding weighted voltage difference between desired and produced phase voltages. Key words: SVPWM, Voltage Source inverters, Harmonic Distortion. Reference [1] A. H. John and A. G. Duncan, "The use of harmonic distortion to increase the output voltage of a three-phase PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-20, no. 5, pp. 1224–1228, Sep./Oct. 1984. [2] Z. Keliang and W. Danwei, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM: A comprehensive analysis," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 186–196, Feb. 2002. [3] O. Lopez, J. Alvarze, D. G. Jesus, and F. D. Freijedo, "Multilevel multiphase space vector PWM algorithm with switching state redundancy," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 792–804, Mar. 2009. [4] Y. H. Liu, C. L. Chen, and R. J. Tu, "A novel space-vector current regulation scheme for a field-oriented-controlled induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 730–737, Oct. 1998. [5] D. W. Chung, J. S. Kim, and S. K. Sul, "Unified voltage modulation technique for real-time three-phase power conversion," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 374–380, Mar./Apr. 1998. K. Uday Kiran, B. Veeru, D. Kumaraswamy	47-51
6.	Domotics – A Cost Effective Smart Home Automation System Using Wifi as Network Infrastructure Domotics – A Cost Effective Smart Home Automation System Using Wifi as Network Infrastructure Abstract: This paper describes an investigation into the potential for remote controlled operation of home automation (also called as Domotics) systems. It considers problems with their implementation, discusses possible solutions through various network technologies and indicates how to optimize the use of such systems. This paper emphasizes on the design and prototype implementation of new home automation system that uses WiFi technology as a network infrastructure connecting its parts. The proposed can be viewed on two fold; the first part is the software (web server), which presents system core that manages, controls, and monitors users' home. Users and system administrator can locally (LAN) or remotely (internet) manage the system code. Second part is hardware interface module, which provides appropriate interface to sensors and actuator of home automation system. Unlike most of available home automation system in the market the proposed system is scalable that one server can manage many hardware interface modules as long as it exists on WiFi network coverage. Index terms: Domotics, Home automation, Networking, WiFi Reference [1] Dr. Shaik Meeravali, P. Sai Prasad, GSM based home automation with security (using microcontroller), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, Vol2-Issue 9 (September – 2013), e-ISSN 2278-0181, www.ijert.org. [2] Y.Usha Devi, Wireless Home Automation System Using ZigBee, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2012 ISSN 2229-5518 ,IJSER © 2012 , http ://www.ijser.org. [3] D.NARESH, CHAKRADHAR2, S.KRISHNAVENI, Bluetooth Based Home Automation and Security System Using ARM9,International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013 ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4052 , [4] http://:www.arduino.cc [5] http://:www.learnadafruit.com Abhinav Talgeri, Abheesh Kumar B A, Adithya B	52-55
7.	Performance Analysis of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) System Performance Analysis of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) System Abstract: With the concept of 3G & 4G services OCDMA is one of the important technologies, that provide a very high speed communication. In this technology multiple users can communicate simultaneously to transfer different kind of data. OCDMA enables the best use of available bandwidth and the spectrum to represent a cost efficient network. But in a network there is always the requirement to increase the security and the efficiency or the throughput of a multiuser communication in the OCDMA network. The proposed work is about to increase the efficiency in a Noisy channel. Here the work will be performed on impulse noised network. We are here proposing the orthogonal approach along with OCDMA to improve the throughput. We are trying to show the results in terms of noise ratio and the derived throughput. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OFDM along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Orthogonal CDMA. Key words: OCDMA, TDMA, FDMA, MATLAB Reference [1] Harmandeep Singh,‖ Performance Analysis of Optical CDMA using Fuzzy Logic Generator‖ THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA July 2008 [2] Dhananjay1 *, Amita Soni1, Sanjeev Kumar,‖ Design of Enhanced Throughput Approach in Noisy Environment using Orthogonal-CDMA‖August, 2011 [3] C. B. M. Rashidi, S. A. Aljunid, F. Ghani, ‖ Design of a New Class of Codes with Zero in Phase CrossCorrelation for Spectral Amplitude Coding‖ International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.11 No.6, June 2011 [4] Shlomo Shamai (Shitz), Fellow, IEEE, and Aaron D. Wyner, Fellow, ―Information-Theoretic Considerations for Symmetric, Cellular, Multiple-Access Fading Channels‖—Part II IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL.43, NO. 6, NOVEMBER1997 [5] Md. Jahedul Islam and Md. Rafiqul Islam,‖ Impact of GVD and SPM on the Performance of DS-OCDMA‖ JOURNAL OF NETWORKS,VOL. 6, NO. 1, JANUARY 2011 Amandeep Sukhija, Dr. Ashwani Sethi	56-61
8.	Heat Transfer Analysis to Optimize The Water Cooling Scheme For Combustion Device Heat Transfer Analysis to Optimize The Water Cooling Scheme For Combustion Device Abstract: Thermal Propulsion system is one kind of propulsion system which is used to drive torpedo. The present study focuses mainly on design of combustion device known to be thrust chamber or thrust cylinder. The chamber and nozzle wall and the injector face plate must be made of metals selected for high strength at elevated temperature coupled with good thermal conductivity, resistance to high temperature oxidation. chemical inertness on the coolant on the coolant side, and suitability for the fabrication method to be employed. In the case of certain monopropellants, the metal must not catalyze the decomposition. Although aluminum and copper alloys have been used successfully for combustion chambers and nozzles, stainless steels and carbon steels are in widest use today.A cooling jacket permits the circulation of a coolant, which, in the case of flight engines is usually one of the propellants. Water is the only coolant recommended. The cooling jacket consists of an inner and outer wall. The combustion chamber forms the inner wall and another concentric but larger cylinder provides the outer wall. The space between the walls serves as the coolant passage. The nozzle throat region usually has the highest heat transfer intensity and is, therefore, the most difficult to cool. Key words: combustion device, thrust chamber. Reference [1] "Sutton, G.P., Rocket Propulsion Elements- An Introduction to the Engineering of Rockets. Wiley, NewYork, 1986. [2] Engines," Acta Astronautic a, Vol.8. 2. Kalin, V.M.,and Sherstiannikov, V.A.," Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Starting Process in Liquid Propellant 1979.pp.231-242. [3] Katto,Y.," Prediction of Critical Heat Flux of Subcooled flow Boiling in Round Tubes," International journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.33.No.9.1987. pp.1921-1928. [4] T.J. Avampato and Saltiel university of Florida, Gainesville.Florida32611,says Dynamic Modeling of Srarting Capabilities of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines. [5] Gilbert, M., Davis. and Altman, D. Velocity lag of Particles in linearly accelerated combustion gases. Am. Rocket Soc.25-26- 30(1955). B. Usha Rani	62-65
10.	Self Compacting Concrete And Its Properties Self Compacting Concrete And Its Properties Abstract: Self-compacting concrete (SCC), which flows under its own weight and doesn't require any external vibration for compaction, has revolutionized concrete placement. Such concrete should have relatively low yield value to ensure high flow ability, a moderate viscosity to resists segregation and bleeding and must maintain its homogeneity during transportation, placing and curing to ensure adequate structural performance and long term durability. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as a fresh concrete which possesses superior flow ability under maintained stability (i.e. no segregation) thus allowing self-compaction that is, material consolidation without addition of energy. Self-compacting concrete is a fluid mixture suitable for placing in structures with Congested reinforcement without vibration and it helps in achieving higher quality of surface finishes. However utilization of high reactive Metakaolin and Flyash asan admixtures as an effective pozzolan which causes great improvement in the porestructure. The relative proportions of key components are considered by volumerather than by mass. self compacting concrete (SCC) mix design with 29% of coarse aggregate, replacement of cement with Metakaolin and class F flyash, combinations of both and controlled SCC mix with 0.36 water/cementitious ratio(by weight) and388 litre/m3 of cement paste volume. Crushed granite stones of size 16mm and12.5mm are used with a blending 60:40 by percentage weight of total coarse aggregate. Self-compacting concrete compactibility is affected by the characteristics of materials and the mix proportions; it becomes necessary to evolve a procedure formix design of SCC. The properties of different constituent materials used in this investigation and its standard tests procedures for acceptance characteristics of self compacting concrete such as slump flow, V-funnel and L-Box are presented. Key words: Self Compacting Concrete, Flyash , Properties. Reference [1] Assie, S., Escadeillas, G. and Waller, V. 2007. Estimates of self-compacting concrete 'potential' durability. [2] Construction and Building Materials, 21 (10): 1909-1917. [3] ASTM C 143-03. 2003. Standard test method for slump of hydraulic cement concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1-8. [4] ASTM C 494. 1992. Standard specifications for chemical admixtures for concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards. [5] Baoguo, Ma and Huixian, Wang. 2011. Effect of viscosity modifying admixture on the workability of self-compacting concrete, Advanced Material Research, 306-307: 946-950. S. Mahesh	72-80
11.	Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites Abstract: The Flexural, Impact properties and Scanning electron microscope analysis of Bamboo/glass fibers Reinforced polyester Hybrid composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that the Flexural, impact properties of the hybrid composite increase with glass fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced polyester composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied. Key words: Dendrocalamus strictus, Bamboo fiber, Glass fiber, polyster Resin, SEM, Flexural Properties, Impact Properties, Hybrid Composites. Reference [1] Jindal, U.C. 1986 Development and testing of bamboo fibers reinforced plastic composites. Journal of Composites. 20: 19-22. [2] Varadarajulu, A., Narasimha Chary, K. and Rama Chandra Reddy, G. 2003. Void content, density, weight reduction and mechanical properties of short bamboo fibers/stryrenated polyester composites. Journal of Bamboo & Rattan. 2(2): 95-102. [3] Varadarajulu, A., Narasimha Chary, K., Rama Chandra Reddy, G., Babu Rao, G. and Ganga Devi, L. 2002. Thermo gravimetric analysis of dendro calamus strictus bamboo fibers. Journal of bamboo and Rattan. I(3): 247-250. [4] Varadarajulu, A., Babu Rao, G. and Lakshminarayana Reddy, R. 2001. Chemical resistance and tensile properties of epoxy/poly carbonate blend coated bamboo fibers. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 20(4): 335-340. [5] Varadarajulu, A., Ganga Devi, L., Babu Rao, G. and Lakshminarayana Reddy, R. 2003. Chemical resistance and tensile properties of epoxy/unsaturated blend coated bamboo fibers. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 22(11): 1029-1034 Raghavendra Rao. H, Sudhamadhuri. K	81-85
12.	Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Using DVR Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Using DVR Abstract: The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the fast, flexible and efficient solution to improve the power quality for such distribution network [8]. The active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operations are the major source of affecting power quality. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the improvements obtained with DVR in power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this paper, an overview of the DVR, its functions, configurations, components, control strategies are reviewed. The Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of DVR in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The results showed clearly the performance of using DVR in improving THD level. Key words: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), PI controller, Power Quality, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Reference [1] 1.AL Jowder Fawzi "Modeling and simulation of Different System Topologies for Dynamic Voltage Restorer" Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, EPECS '09. International Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6, 2009. [2] 2. Boonchiaml Paisan, Mithulananthan Nadarajah, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi Thailand, "Detailed Analysis of Load Voltage Restorers" TENCON, IEEE region 10 conference, pp. 1-4, 2006. [3] 3. Chang C.S., Ho Y.S., "The Influence of Motor Loads on the Voltage Restoration Capability of the Dynamic Voltage Restorer". Power System Technology. Proceedings, Power Con, International Conference, vol, 2pp. 637-642, 2000. [4] 4. Ferdi B., Dib S., Dehini R., University of Bechar, Algeria. "Adaptive PI Control of Dynamic Voltage Restorer Using Fuzzy Logic" Journal of Electrical Engineering: Theory and Application Vol.1, pp. 165-173, 2010. [5] 5. Godsk Nielsen John and Blaabjerg Frede "Control Strategies for Dynamic Voltage Restorer Compensating Voltage Sags with Phase Jump", Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, IEEE, vol. 2.pp. 1267-1273, 2001. Himanshu Kalara, Tanushree Kaul, Deepak Makkar	86-89
13.	Photovoltaic Modules Performance Loss Evaluation for Nsukka, South East Nigeria and Mitigable Designs Photovoltaic Modules Performance Loss Evaluation for Nsukka, South East Nigeria and Mitigable Designs Abstract: The Photovoltaic (PV) systems and technology offer excellent reliability when designed with the right implementation tools and based on good technical judgements of components that make up each of the critical sections of solar power system. The PV array is an essential section of a solar power system and it is expected to function to deliver pre – estimated power based on design estimations. There are factors that derail the performance of PV modules; the contributions of these factors are peculiar to specific sites of installation, hence the need to empirically evaluate and characterize installation sites before deployment of PV systems. This paper presents the characterization of Nsukka (South East, Nigeria) environment using decent instrumentation; and consequently highlights the power loss indicators for PV modules in the target site while presenting equally mitigable design. Key words: Array, Irradiance, NECOP, Power, PV, STC, String Reference [1] Daniyan O.L., Daniyan I.A. "Towards Sustainable Solar Power System in Nigeria: The Planning and Budgeting Considerations" International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research (IJSER), Vol. 5, Issue 7, July 2014. Pp 348 – 352. [2] Energy Market Authority "Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems". [3] Okeke N. (FAS), Daniyan O.L. "The Nigerian Environmental Climatic Observing Program (NECOP)" Climate Change and the Nigerian Environment Conference Proceedings, 29th June to 2nd July, 2009. University of Nigeria, Nsukka. [4] David L. King, Jay A. Kratochvil "Temperature coefficients for PV Modules and Arrays: Measurement Methods, Difficulties, and Results". [5] Arvizu, Dan et al. "Direct Solar Energy. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 2011. Daniyan O.L., Daniyan I.A., Okere B.I., Aliyu N., Ezema E. E.	90-92
14.	Mirce Functionability Equation Mirce Functionability Equation Abstract: Scientific principles and concepts expressed through the laws, equations and formulas are the bedrock for the prediction of the deign-in functionality performance of any engineering creation. However, there are not equivalent when the in-service functionability predictions have to be made. Hence, Mirce Mechanics has been created at the MIRCE Akademy to fulfil the roll. The main purpose of this paper is to present the development and application of Mirce Functionability Equation which is the bedrock for the prediction of the in-service motion of functionability performance of maintainable systems. Reference [1] Knezevic, J., Functionability in Motion, Proceedings 10th International Conference on Dependability and Quality, DQM Institute, 2010, Belgrade, Serbia. [2] Zaczyk, I., Analysis of the Influence of Atmospheric Radiation Induced Single Event Effects on Avionics Failures, Master Diploma Dissertation, MIRCE Akademy, 2008. [3] Knezevic, J., Scientific Scale of Reliability, Proceedings of International Conference on Reliability, Safety and Hazard, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2010, Mumbai, India. [4] Zaczyk. I., Knezevic, J. , Cosmic Phenomena in Mirce Mechanics Approach to Reliability and Safety, International Journal of Life Cycle Reliability and safety, Vol 2, Issue No 2, 2013, ISSn-2250 0820, Society for Reliability and Safety, India. [5] Bader, R.F.W., Atoms in Molecules: a Quantum Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1990. ISBN 978-0-19-855866-1 Dr Jezdimir Knezevic	93-100
15.	Aerodynamic Drag Reduction for A Generic Sport Utility Vehicle Using Rear Suction Aerodynamic Drag Reduction for A Generic Sport Utility Vehicle Using Rear Suction Abstract: The high demand for new and improved aerodynamic drag reduction devices has led to the invention of flow control mechanisms and continuous suction is a promising strategy that does not have major impact on vehicle geometry. The implementation of this technique on sport utility vehicles (SUV) requires adequate choice of the size and location of the opening as well as the magnitude of the boundary suction velocity. In this paper we introduce a new methodology to identifying these parameters for maximum reduction in aerodynamic drag. The technique combines automatic modeling of the suction slit, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a global search method using orthogonal arrays. It is shown that a properly designed suction mechanism can reduce drag by up to 9%.. Key words: Aerodynamics, Fluid dynamics, Optimization, Taguchi Method, CFD based optimization Reference [1] Hucho, W.H., Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, 4th Edition, SAE International, 1998 [2] Sovran, G., et al. (ed), Aerodynamic drag mechanisms of Bluff Bodies and Road Vehicles, Plenum Press, New York, 1978 [3] Hucho, W.H., Sovran, G., Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, Vol. 25: 485-537, 1993 [4] Achenbach, E., Distribution of Local Pressure and SkinFriction around a Circular Cylinder in Cross-Flow up to 5×106, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 34, Pt.4, 1968 [5] Von Karman,Th., Turbulence and Skin Friction, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 1, No 1, pp.1-20, 1934 Abdellah Ait Moussa, Rohan Yadav and Justin Fischer	101-107
16.	Crystal Growth and Characterization of Cobalt Doped Barium Tartrate Crystals by Silica Gel Method Crystal Growth and Characterization of Cobalt Doped Barium Tartrate Crystals by Silica Gel Method Abstract: Single crystals of Cobalt doped Barium tartrate crystals were grown by single diffusion technique at room temperature. Effect of Cobalt doping in the Barium tartarate crystals has been studied and reported. The XRD pattern shows that Cobalt barium tartarate crystals are polycrystalline in nature and having orthorhombic structure. SEM pictures infer that crystals were grown by layer deposition. The elemental analysis has been carried out by EDAX. The chemical analysis has been performed by FTIR to denote the functional group of grown crystal. The thermal stability has been studied by the TGA, DTG and DSC. Key words: Single diffusion, XRD, SEM, FTIR, Thermal analysis. Reference [1] http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1991.old/Uksi_19911392_en_1.htm#end. [2] J. Valasek, Piezo-Electric and Allied Phenomena in Rochelle Salt, Phys. Rev., 17, 1921, 475. [3] I. V. Veseleya, V. I. Gorodyski, Voprosy Onkol., 3, 1975, 300. [4] K. D. Parikh, B. B. Parekh, D. J. Dave, M. J. Joshi, Investigation of Various Growth Parameters, FTIR and Thermal Studies of Gel Grown Pure and Mixed Levo-tartrates of Calcium and Strontium, Indian J. Phys., 80, 2006, 719. [5] R. M. Dabhi, M. J. Joshi, Indian J. Phys. 2002, 76A, 211. S. K. Bachhav, N. S. Patil, M. S. Kale, D. S. Bhavsar	108-112
17.	Comparison of Multilevel Inverter Topologies for STATCOM Applications Comparison of Multilevel Inverter Topologies for STATCOM Applications Abstract: In this paper is to present an comparison of four different STATCOM multilevel inverter topologies which are suitable to be connected to the un-linear loads and unbalancing loads. The majority of power consumption has been drawn in reactive loads. These loads are drawn in low power factor and therefore give rise to reactive power burden in the power system. So that STATCOM controller is used to compensate reactive power, correction of power factor and elimination of current harmonics. This paper mainly focuses the analysis issues of the Cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade I–bridge and Incremental – reduction cascade H-bridge multilevel topologies with PWM technique for STATCOM applications; Inverter operation play a vital in STATCOM, presenting a methods for best suitable in the point of low THD, better output, cost and efficiency. MATLAB/SIMULINK results are present in this paper of multilevel inverter four topologies for STATCOM applications with Instantaneous p – q theory controller implemented. Reference [1] L. Gyugyi, E. C. Strycula, "Active AC Power Filters"- in Proc. IEEE/IAS Annu. Meeting, Vol.19-c, pp 529-535, 1976 [2] Hirofumi Akagi, Yoshihira Kanazawa, Akira Nabae "Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Device s without Energy Storage Components"- IEEE Trans on Industry Appl, Vol.I1-20, No.3, pp.625-630, 1984 [3] E. H. Watanabe, R. M. Stephan, M. Aredes, "New Concepts of Instantaneous Active and Reactive Powers in Electrical Systems with Generic Loads"- IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol.8, No.2, pp.697-703, 1993. [4] Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad & Ambrish Chandra, "A New Control Approach to 3-phase Active Filter for Harmonics and Reactive Power Compensation"-IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 46, NO. 5, pp.133 – 138, Oct-1999 [5] W. K. Chang, W. M. Grady, Austin, M. J. Samotyj "Meeting IEEE- 519 Harmonic Voltage and Voltage Distortion Constraints with an Active Power Line Conditioner"- IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, Vol.9, No.3, pp.1531-1537, 1994 V. Yesu Raja, G.Sambasiva Rao	113-117
18.	Sanitation Coverage And Impact Of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Zone With Special Reference To Nepal: A Review Sanitation Coverage And Impact Of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Zone With Special Reference To Nepal: A Review Abstract: The basic needs of people such as safe drinking water, improved hygiene and sanitation must be fulfilled for a dignified life of human being. Sanitation is one of the major components which directly impact the living standard of people. However, people in many parts of the world have not got the sanitized condition and have been living in a non-hygienic situation. About 35% (2.5 billion) populations in the world are still lacking to access improved sanitation. There are many indicators of sanitized society but toilet is considered as one of the important ones. In Nepal, around 62% households have got the facility of toilet. This indicates that 38 % of households have no access to toilets and defecate openly. As a result people have got poor hygiene and sanitation environment. In turn, the country has got the loss of NRs. 10 billion annually. The objective of this paper is to explore the knowledge on open defecation (OD). OD is being eradicated from many parts of the world. Many western countries have already been free from OD. But this problem still exists in most of the developing and under-developed countries like Nepal. Though the adverse impact of OD is very high; people are not aware. Construction of toilets by providing outside support for the ultra poor people is not the rational way of eradication of OD. Technical and financial support for toilet construction could be effective if people are aware. Key words: Sanitation, open defecation, Terai, Mountain, Nepal Reference [1] Bartram, 2013. How Health Professionals can Leverage Health Gains from Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices. Perspectives in Public Health pp. 215–221. [2] WHO and UNICEF progress Report on Drinking water & Sanitation, 2012, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, page 2 [3] CBS, 2011. Report on National Population Census. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal (GoN). [4] Devkota, B., 2011. An Operational Study on 'Open Defecation Free (ODF) Situation' in Nepal. Kathmandu: Water Aid. [5] DoE, 2011. School level education statistics of Nepal/Consolidated report. Kathmandu: Department of education, Government of Nepal (GoN). Khet Raj Dahal, Bikash Adhikari and Jyoti Tamang	118-128
19.	Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Using Refined Third Order Shear Deformation Theory Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Using Refined Third Order Shear Deformation Theory Abstract: Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials, typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates. Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations. Key words: functionally graded materials, thermal loads, improved third order shear deformation theory, Ritz method Reference [1] Aboudi, J., Pindera, M. J., and Arnold, S. M., 1999, "Higher-Order Theory for Functionally Graded Materials," Compos. Pt. B-Eng., 30(8), pp. 777-832. [2] Shi, G. A new simple third-order shear deformation theory of plates. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44, 4399-4417.2007 [3] Shimpi, R. & Patel, H. 2006b. A two variable refined plate theory for orthotropic plate analysis. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 43, 6783-6799 [4] Ugural, A. C. 1999. Stresses in plates and shells, Boston, WCB/McGraw Hill. [5] Kim, Y. 2005. Temperature dependent vibration analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 284, 531-549. S. S. Daimi, Dr. S.A. Bhalchandra	129-133
20.	Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based Distribution System Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based Distribution System Abstract: This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations. Index Terms: Active Power Filter,Distribution generation, fuzzy logic controller. Reference [1] MukhtiarSingh,VinodKhadkikar, Ambrish Chandra, and Rajiv K. Varma, ―Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level With Power-Quality Improvement Features,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 1, Jan. 2011. [2] J. M. Guerrero, L. G. de Vicuna, J. Matas, M. Castilla, and J. Miret, ―A wireless controller to enhance dynamic performance of parallel in-verters in distributed generation systems,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Elec-tron., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1205–1213, Sep. 2004. [3] J. H. R. Enslin and P. J. M. Heskes, ―Harmonic interaction between a large number of distributed power inverters and the distribution net-work,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1586–1593, Nov. 2004. [4] Mehmet Ucar, Engin Ozdemir "Control of a 3-phase 4-leg active power filter under non-ideal mains voltage condition" Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 58–73. [5] Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ambrish Chandra, Member, IEEE "A Review of Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement",‖ IEEE Trans.lind. Elec-tron., vol. 46, no. 5, Sep. 1999. S. Bhanu Prakash, Dr. T. Devaraju	134-139
21.	Crosscutting Specification Interference Detection at Aspect Oriented UML-Based Models: A Database Approach Crosscutting Specification Interference Detection at Aspect Oriented UML-Based Models: A Database Approach Abstract: In aspect oriented development, obliviousness is one of its pillars as it helps developers to implement crosscutting concerns via aspects, which increases the overall software modularity. Despite of its merits, obliviousness brings the problem of interferences among aspects as several aspects pointcuts may address the same joinpoint for the same advice. Existing approaches deals with conflicts at design level use graphs structures, which increase in size as project size increases. In this work, a relational database model is used to map aspect oriented design models and then conflicts are extracted by an algorithm runs over this database. This approach is simpler than other approaches and enables large project sizes while the other approaches get complicated due to increment in graph size. The proposed approach can be extended to the distributed team development, dependent on the database engine used. Key words: Aspect Oriented Development, Crosscutting Concerns, Databases, Interference Detection. Reference [1] Berg, Klaas van den, Conejero, Jose Maria and Chitchyan, Ruzanna. AOSD ontology 1.0 public ontology of aspect orientation. s.l. : Common Foundation for AOSD, 2005. p. 90, Report. [2] Aspects: Conflicts and Interferences (A Survey). André Restivo, Ademar Aguiar. 2007. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Methodologies for Scientific Research. pp. 145-153. [3] Robert E. Filman, Daniel P. Friedman. Aspect-Oriented Programming is Quantification and Obliviousness. Research Inistitution for Advanced Computer Science. s.l. : Workshop on Advanced Separation of Concerns, 2001. [4] Durr, Pascal, Bergmans, Lodewijik and Aksit, Mehmet. Reasoning about Behavioral Conflicts between Aspects. Enschede : University of Twente, 2007. Technical Report . TR-CTIT-07-15. [5] Katz, Emillia, et al. Detecting Interference Among Aspects. Computing Department, Lancaster University. Lancaster : European Network of Excellence on Aspect-Oriented Software Development, 2007. p. 38, Report. Ahmed Sharaf Eldin, Maha Hana, Shady Mohammed Elsaid	140-150