Peer Reviewed Journal

Abstract:

The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+ image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five different locations in the lake over 30 year's period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of climate change.
KEY WORDS: Archive, Changes in Climate, Ecology, Landsat Imagery, Lake Naivasha, Remote Sensing,

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Benjamin Ghansaha, David. M. Harperb, Eric. K. Forkuoa, Richard Appoh, "Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: Case Study Of Lake Naivasha"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

In a test series ofSteel plate Concrete (SC) beams conducted by the authorsto determine the minimum shear reinforcement ratio, complex structural behavior of the tested beams was observed, including shear cracking occurred within the concrete in the web and bond-slip failure of the bottom steel plate of the beam due to insufficient shear reinforcement ratio (Qin et al. 2015).This paper focuses on finite element simulation (FEM) of the SC beams withemphasis on shear and bond-slip behavior. A new constitutive model is proposed to account for the bond-slip behavior of steel plates. Also, the Cyclic Softened Membrane Model proposed by Hsu and Mo (2010)is utilized to simulate the shear behavior of concrete with embedded shear reinforcement. Both constitutive models areimplemented into a finite element analysis program based on the framework of OpenSees (2013).The proposed FEM is able to capturethe behavior of the tested SC beams.

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C. H. Luu, Xin Nie, Feng Qin, Yue Yang, Y. L. Mo, Feng Fan, "Finite Element Simulation of Steel Plate Concrete Beams subjected to Shear"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20) bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely valuable.
Keywords:Bioclimatic variables, Distribution, Fodders, MaxEnt, Model.

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Myrèse C. Ahoudji, B.S.C. Dan, Marcel R.B. Houinato, Jorgen Axelsen and A.B. Sinsin, "Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Sudanian zone of Benin (West Africa)"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Nowadays, bioplastics is often researched to substitute the conventional plastics because bioplastics come from raw materials that is very enviromentally friendly and bioplastics is degradable. The purposes of this research are to know the characteristics of starch from durian seed and to know the effect of additional chitosan as filler, sorbitol as plasticizer, and variation of heating temperature bioplastic solution on mechanical properties of bioplastics. In process, the ratio between durian-seed starch and chitosan are 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 gram, while the concentration of sorbitol are 20%, 30%, and 40%. The heating temperature of bioplastic solution is varied at 70 oC, 80 oC and 90 oC. Result of bioplastic FTIR shows there is increation of wave number N-H from 1570.06 cm- 1 to 1589.34 cm-1 and O-H from 3352.28 cm-1 to 3653.18 cm-1. The characteristic of durian seed starch has water content 12.73%, ash content 0,51%, starch content 76,65%, amylose content 22.34%, amylopectin content 54.32%, protein content 11.61%, and fat content 0.61%. Optimum mechanical properties of bioplastic from durian seed starch occurs in heating temperature 70 oC with composition between durian-seed starch and chitosan is 7:3 grams and sorbitol 20.0 grams.
Keywords -starch, durian, chitosan, sorbitol, bioplastic

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M. Hendra S. Ginting, Maria Kristiani, Yunella Amelia, Rosdanelli Hasibuan, "The Effect of Chitosan, Sorbitol, and Heating Temperature Bioplastic Solution on Mechanical Properties of Bioplastic from Durian Seed Starch (Durio zibehinus)"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The dynamism of the farming sector, and its environment, is reflected in developments in the design of new insurance products. In the last decade two types of new products have been introduced. In some cases these have partially displaced existing covers; in others they have resulted in demand from new clients. Implementation of technology in farming usually involves investment. Such changes also frequently alter the risk profile of the enterprise. There are occasions when insurance can be a key component in a range of risk management strategies for the insurers. From an administrative point of view bank-insurer linkages make a lot of sense, since both these providers of financial services require similar client data.
This type of link, crop insurance and loans, is already very common, both in developing and developed agriculture. The vast, heavily subsidized scheme in India is largely linked to bank lending. So instead of the usual policy wording, such as indemnity, or range of indemnity levels, or a per hectare basis for a given crop, for losses from specific causes, the coupon merely gives a monetary sum which becomes payable on certification that the named weather event, of specified severity, has occurred. Again the role of state is very important making available crop insurance on a large scale, as they are public good in nature. Recently in Odisha, for crops such as Niger, cotton, red grams, jute, turmeric, ginger and banana, the farmers of selected blocks in some district could take advantage of the scheme. Because indemnity claim is settled only on the basis of yield data furnished by the State government. Hence the criteria that is based on requisite number of crop cutting experiments conducted under general crop estimation surveys should be supported by State to offer desired result in crop insurance.
Key Words: -Insurance Product, Banker-Insurance Linkage, Indemnity, Crop Estimation Survey

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Mr Susil Kumar Sarangi, Dr Dibakar Panigrahi, "Crop Insurance, the Backbone of Indian farming community- Issues and Challenges" Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The traditional approaches for bridges maintenance is proven to be inefficient as they lead to random way of spending maintenance budget and deteriorating bridge conditions. In many cases, maintenance activities are performed due to user complaints. The objective of this paper is to develop a practical and reliable framework to manage the maintenance and repair activities of Bridges network in Egypt considering performance and budget limits. The model solves an optimization problem that maximizes the average condition of the network given the limited budget using Genetic Algorithm (GA).
The main tasks of the system are bridge inventory, condition assessment, deterioration using markov model, and maintenance optimization. The developed model takes into account multiple parameters including serviceability requirements, budget allocation, element importance on structural safety and serviceability, bridge impact on network, and traffic. A questionnaire is conducted to complete the research scope. The proposed model is implemented in software, which provides a friendly user interface. The results of the framework are multi – year maintenance plan for the entire network for up to five years. A case study is presented for validating and testing the model with Data collected from "General Authority for Roads, Bridges and Land Transport" in Egypt.
Keywords –Bridge Maintenance, condition assessment, deterioration, cost optimization, fund allocation.

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Hesham Abd Elkhaleka, Sherif M. Hafezb, Yasser El Fahham, "Framework for Bridges Maintenance in Egypt"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of 3.4-3.9 GHz parallel coupled microstrip bandpass filter. The EM simulation results indicate that the insertion loss varies between -1dB and -0.795dB at the desired frequency band. Both input and output VSWRs show the maximum value of 1.28. More than 40dB rejections out of band are witnessed at the stopbands of DC-2.7GHz and 4.85-7.45GHz. In contrast, the measured insertion loss is a little poorer, changing from -1.87dB to -2.59dB, and above 40dB suppression is also recorded at the same stopbands. A little higher input and output VSWRs, 1.415 and 1.404 are achieved in the fabricated filter. These results demonstrate that the developed filter can be applied in 3.4-3.9GHz communication systems.
Keywords -Stopband Rejection, Parallel Coupled Filter, Insertion Loss

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Sheng-jun Lu, Yin-hua Yao, "3.4-3.9GHz Parallel Coupled Bandpass Filter with High Stopband Rejection and High Return Loss"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

This paper presents the MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) operation of PV (Photovoltaic) system based on a SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inverter Converter) converter using fuzzy logic controller. MPPT method such as Incremental conductance base on FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) is used to extract maximum output power of the PV system. PV energy is the most essential energy resources since it is pollution free, clean and endless. The FLC proposed scheme is interface with the MPPT to generate the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for the SEPIC controller for maximum power point tracking operation.FLChas used Mamdani's method for convergent and divergent of membership function. FLC is used for more efficient performance under the variation in different atmosphere. The fuzzy logic controller with SEPIC for MPPT scheme extract the maximum power point tracking without any change in the voltage at the inverter at different load condition. The behavior of the converter and controller tested in simulation at different operating conditions. Proposed scheme is used for accurately tracking maximum point and also send the smooth, error free signal to the inverter.
Keywords:DC-DC power converters, Fuzzy control, PV (photovoltaic) cells, MPPT (Maximum power Point

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Vrashali Jadhav, Dr. Ravindrakumar M.Nagarale, "Maximum PowerPoint Tracking of PV System Based on a Sepic Converter Using Fuzzy Logic Controller"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

This study aims to prove the effectiveness of traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Traffic violators who finished the traffic safety education programs were tracked down. In order to analyze the effectiveness of traffic safety education program, traffic violator's data during ten-year period were used. This study analyzed how traffic violators changed their attitudes about traffic law abidance. Also predicted social benefits from traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Effectiveness of traffic accident prevention through traffic safety education program is approximately 93%. In terms of social benefits, it shows more than $12 billion Even though the effectiveness of traffic safety education program represents remarkable results, but this program is made for traffic violators who have already committed traffic offenses in the past. So in order to prevent traffic violations in advance, specific education program for potentially risky drivers is necessary.
Keywords -Traffic Safety Education Program, Traffic Violators, Traffic Accident, Social Benefits.

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Lee, Jonghak, "Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traffic Program) in Korea" Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Azerbaijan is the site of convergent plate collisions along the Alpine-Himalayan active mountain belt. Brittle faults in the Azerbaijan area are mostly Cenozoic in or younger. The data presented demonstrate clearly that geological structures are commonly repeated at all scales from outcrop to regional. Several regional earthquakes have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. Urban seismic risk is increasing with population growth and encroachment of vulnerable built in environment into areas susceptible seismic hazard. Seismic -hazard assessment an estimate of ground motion at the site of interest, taking into account instrumental and historical earthquake records, information on tectonics, geology, and attenuation characteristics of seismic waves Tabriz is important industrial city of Iran. It has a very high population density about 2.000000 people in area just 90 km2. The main objective of the Tabriz seismic instrumentation and microzonation study was to carry out and propose new building in Tabriz and suburbs in order to apply these criteria its development programs and determine the potential for damage to existing constructions during earthquake motions, and finally earthquake risk mitigation assessment.
Keywords:Seismic hazard, seismic microzonation, earthquake risk mitigation.

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Ebad Ghanbari, Mohammad Ali Khorram, "Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk Mitigation"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

It is well known that processing change physical and chemical composition of foods, thus affecting the content in bioactive substances. Potatoes are almost always consumed after processing (baked, fried or boiled) making it critical to understand the effect of such processing techniques on the containing in bioactive compounds. In order to determine the influence of processing on the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids was achieved the extraction of these compounds from boiled and baked purple potato tuber (Albastru-Violet de Galanesti variety). Also, in order to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids from processed potatoes was applied ultrasonic extraction (20 kHz) and was performed the mathematical modeling (central composite design) using SigmaXL software. The total anthocyanins content were determined spectrophotometrically by the pH differential method and the total flavonoids content were determine colorimetric by AlCl3 method. This study proves that the potato processing decreases the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
Keywords:purple potato, anthocyanin pigments, flavonoid, processed potato

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Florentina Damşa, Alexandru Woinaroschy, Gheorghe Olteanu, Carmen Liliana Bădărău, Angela Mărculescu, "Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Total Flavonoid Content of Processed Purple Potato"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The vibration environment of a satellite is very severe during launch. Isolating the satellitevibrations during launch will significantly enhance reliability and lifespan, and reduce the weight of satellite structure and manufacturing cost. Guided by the recent advances in solid-state physics research, a new type of satellite vibration isolator is proposed by usingperiodic material that is hence called periodic isolator. The periodic isolator possesses a unique dynamic property, i.e., frequency band gaps. External vibrations with frequencies falling in the frequency band gaps of the periodic isolator are to be isolated. Using the elastodynamics and the Bloch-Floquet theorem, the frequency band gaps of periodic isolators are determined. A parametric study is conducted to provide guidelines for the design of periodic isolators. Based on these analytical results, a finite element model of a micro-satellite with a set of designed periodic isolators is built to show the feasibility of vibration isolation. The periodic isolator is found to be a multi-directional isolator that provides vibration isolation in the three directions.
Keywords:vibration isolation; periodic isolator; frequency band gaps

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Xinnan Liu, WitartoWitarto, Xin Nie, Zhifei Shi and Y. L. Mo, "Periodic material-based vibration isolation for satellites"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Wireless Sensor Networks have great potential for numerous applications such as military target tracking and surveillance, natural disaster relief, health monitoring and hazardous environment exploration and seismic sensing. This paper describes the concepts of efficient mechanism of provenance in WSNs as provenance respresents a key factor in evaluating the trustworthiness of sensor data. Data in sensor networks is processed by the multiple agents; data provenance plays an important role for assuring data trustworthiness. Due to energy and bandwidth limitations of WSNs, it is crucial that data provenance for these networks be as compress as possibles. To address such issues, this paper explained various proposed technique.
Key words:provenance, sensor networks, trustworthiness.

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Priyanka, M.Devika, "A Survey of provenance management in wireless sensor network"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Developing different techniques to overcome this problem and protect the consumer, which planted in the hearts of trust people and encouraged them to purchase via the internet. At first you must know what is the main reason for the work of the filtration email the mail service is fast and easy way to exchange messages are singing from the use of traditional mail, there are a large number from of services in the internet requires that you have one email sometimes one of us would like to cancel his participation in one of the sites because of the large number of incoming messages to him from the site does not know and have for a way unsubscribe to get rid of these messages, or would like one of us that some of the messages is prohibited from specific people or locations for some of these problems has the following solution is the work of a filter to any e-mail and work ban for unwanted messages application spam filtering as a last resort, you can set up your own spam blocker with your email application's built-in filter capability Email filtering is the processing of email to organize it according to specified criteria.
Keywords - WWW, IA, Internet, SI, Java, SQL

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Suvarnsing G. Bhable, Jaypalsing N. Kayte, "Introduction to Mail Management System"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

In the present era of globalization and competitive market, cellular manufacturing has become a vital tool for meeting the challenges of improving productivity, which is the way to sustain growth. Getting best results of cellular manufacturing depends on the formation of the machine cells and part families. This paper examines advantages of ART method of cell formation over array based clustering algorithms, namely ROC-2 and DCA. The comparison and evaluation of the cell formation methods has been carried out in the study. The most appropriate approach is selected and used to form the cellular manufacturing system. The comparison and evaluation is done on the basis of performance measure as grouping efficiency and improvements over the existing cellular manufacturing system is presented.
Keywords -Neural Network, ART Model, Group Technology

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Prabhat Kumar Giri, Dr.S. K. Moulick, "Comparison of Cell formation techniques in Cellular manufacturing using three cell formation algorithms"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Keywords -Liquefaction, Plasticity, Liquefaction Resistance, and Plastic fines etc

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N.Silpa, Meraj Ahmad Khan, Dr M. Z. Khan, Mohd Bilal Khan, "Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty Sand"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

In modern power system, Static Compensator (STATCOM) is used to alleviate the transient stability problem and damping power system oscillations. In this paper different STATCOM control scheme using fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and model predictive controller (MPC) for the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system in improving transient stability is simulated using MATLAB/ Simulink in power systems block set. PI, FLC and MPC signals are used to control and exchange the required reactive power among the STATCOM and the power grid. A load disturbance is simulated and the behavior of the system for voltage fluctuations has been studied. Simulation results using Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and Model Predictive Controller (MPC) have been compared. The effectiveness of the different controllers in damping oscillations and improving power system stability has been discussed.
Keyword- Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), PI controller, fuzzy logic controller (FLC), Model

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Dr.A.Rajalingam, Dr.M.Ramkumar Prabhu & K.Venkateswara Rao, "Power System Stability Enhancement Using FLC and MPC for STATCOM"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The FMBWCN Aid is a portable and wearable multi-purpose system for the partially disabled. The Aid is a glove-based system in which different trained finger movements leads to different modes of operation of the system such as APR Voice Module and Wheelchair Controller Module. The finger movements (bending movement) leads to the flexion of the flex sensor attached to the glove. Flexion leads to change in resistance of the flex sensors, which will be recorded via a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and different sets of movement of the fingers will lead to different modules of operation as specified in the default settings of the FMBWCN Aid.

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Jobin Jose, Kundan Joshi, Sreejih S, Dr.A.Thirugnanam , "Finger Movement Based Wearable Communication & Navigation Aid for partially disabled"Vol. 6 - Issue 1 (January - 2016), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com