Peer Reviewed Journal

Abstract:

Analytical methods for computing the lateral earth pressure against tunnel is vastly used by engineers all over the world. Conventional analytical methods compute the lateral pressure in either active or passive state while the stress state usually falls between these two boundaries in many practical cases. Furthermore, using these boundary coefficients lead to either overestimated or underestimated results in design. Thus, a modified method based on the strain increment theory for calculating the lateral pressure against rectangular tunnels is presented herein to consider the amount of lateral deformation at each depth. First, the results for different values of overburden depth, friction angle and wall mobilized angle are investigated. Then comparative finite element analyses were performed to examine the effectiveness of the method. According to this study, the pressure pattern is completely nonlinear especially at the corners of tunnel lining. In fact, the pressure increases nonlinearly to about three times of the value at top. Lateral earth pressure decreases with the increase of friction angle which is in good agreement with finite element results. Overall, the pressure patterns derived by this method for shallow depths (less than tunnel height) are almost the same as those computed by finite element method.
Key word: Cut-and-cover, earth pressure, Finite element, strain increment method, tunnel

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Farzad Habibbeygi, Amin Chegenizadeh, Hamid Nikraz, "An Analytical Method for Static Earth Pressure Distribution against Rectangular Shallow Tunnels Using Lateral Deformation" Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The low power VLSI design has an important role in designing of many electronic systems. While designing any combinational or sequential circuits, the important parameters like power consumption, implementation area, voltage leakage and performance of the circuit are to be considered. Design of area, high speed and powerefficient data path logic systems forms the largest areas of research in VLSI system design. This paper presents a low power Carry look ahead adder design using Full swing Gate diffusion (FS-GDI) technique. The proposed CLA implementation utilizes improved full-swing GDI F1 and F2 gates, which are the counterparts of standard CMOS NAND and NOR gates. The basic Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) logic style suffers from some practical limitations like swing degradation, fabrication complexity in standard CMOS process and bulk connections. These limitations can be overcome by Full swing GDI technique. The proposed technique utilizes a single swing restoration (SR) transistor to improve the output swing of F1 and F2 GDI gates. A 16-bit CLA is designed and Simulations are performed by Mentor graphics 130nm CMOS technology ELDO simulator. Simulation results have shown a greater reduction in delay, power dissipation and area.
Key word: Full swing Gate Diffusion Input (FS-GDI), Low Power Design, Full swing 3T EXOR, delay, efficient area.

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Matcha Hemanth Kumar, Prof. Dr.S.M.VALI, "A Low power and area efficient CLA adder design using Full swing GDI technique" Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

This work presents an effective approach towards reduction of steps in power conversion from solar photovoltaic system to load. When a Photovoltaic system is fed to an induction motor, it requires MPPT controller and an Inverter circuit in first and second stages since Induction motor works with a.c supply. By eliminating the Inverter circuit and employing a BLDC motor the efficiency of the system can be improved. The BLDC motor works under Electronic commutation principle with VSI embedded in the motor. A PV Panel fed to the "R" load with Hill Climbing MPPT is considered along with practical irradiance data. Simulation is carried out by formulating the mathematical model for the photovoltaic source, MPPT, Motor. System performance‟s are investigated under different levels of solar insolation.
Keywords: BLDC (Brushless Direct Current) Motor, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker), PV (Photovoltaic) cell, VSI (Voltage Source Inverter)

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B.V.A.S.S.R.Krishna, K.Narasimha Rao & Basam venkata Rao, "Performance Evaluation of Photo-Voltaic fed Brushless Direct Current Motor for Agricultural applications" Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The Thermal network model (TNM) of ten node 37 thermal resistances is considered as the highly detailed one for thermal distribution of all the TNM models. This model is reported to be the one that can take care of most of the complexities in geometry and estimation of convective heat transfer coefficients. Results obtained for the 30 KW motor using the above TNM model have been compared with that of Finite element Analysis using ANSYS. Listing of the MATLAB programs is presented as annexure.

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A. Ravi Prasad, Dr. K Prahlada Rao, "TNM Method Results Compared with Finite Element Analysis for a 30 KW SCIM Motor"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

In this paper, a novel method called Laplace-differential transform method (LDTM) is used to obtain an approximate analytical solution for strong nonlinear initial and boundary value problems associated in engineering phenomena. It is determined that the method works very well for the wide range of parameters and an excellent agreement is demonstrated and discussed between the approximate solution and the exact one in three examples. The most significant features of this method are its capability of handling non-linear boundary value problems.
Key word: LDTM, Non-linear PDEs, Initial Conditions, Boundary conditions.

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Kiranta Kumari, Praveen Kumar Gupta, Gauree Shanker, "A Mathematical Model to Solve Nonlinear Initial and Boundary Value Problems by LDTM"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Experiments on filled and empty circular thin walled Aluminium AA6063 tubes with varying L/D ratios have been performed to study load compression and energy absorbed for quasi static axial and oblique loading. Dependence of deformation characteristics and energy absorption responses have been studied. Energy absorption was measured from load-displacement graph obtained from UTM using MATLAB. Tubes were clamped at the lower end and axial and oblique loads were applied by applying a force at upper end with different angles to the centreline of column. Peak loads and absorbed energies have been compared for filled and empty tubes for same L/D ratio. Experimental results are used to determine energy absorption capacity due to plastic deformation of thin walled tube. The goal of the research was to study the interaction between the forming and crash response of Al AA6063 in order to evaluate its potential for use in vehicle design for crashworthiness.
Key word: Aluminium tube, Axial compression, Crashworthiness, Energy absorption, Thin walled circular tube.

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Raj Kiran, Nimish Khandelwal, Pushkar Tripathi, "Collapse Behaviour and Energy Absorption of Aluminium Tubes Filled with Wood Sawdust" Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The optical instruments design for binocular vision has become an earnest demand towards the arrival of an ageing society. It is necessary to measure how color difference between left and right images by elderly people, which the color rivalry occurs. In this study, we measured the limit of binocular color fusion in the normal vision and the cataract experiencing vision which is aiming to simulate the elderly vision. The result shows that the color fusion limit curve in cataract experiencing vision are very similar with those in normal vision. Compared with the binocular color fusion limit in normal vision Δλdn, the binocular color fusion limit in cataract experiencing vision Δλdc is approximately 3~39nm increased on the central vision, 4~22nm on the retinal eccentricity of 3°, 5~23nm on the retinal eccentricity of 6°, and 5~24nm on the retinal eccentricity of 9°. The results also reveal that a similar limit is observed in the range of 520~560nm in both normal and cataract experiencing visions, which might give some potential evidences for designing 3D equipment. In addition, the minimum value of the binocular color fusion limit exists at 590nm either in the normal vision or the cataract experiencing vision during all retinal eccentricities.
Key word: Binocular color fusion limit, Cataract experiencing vision, Color rivalry, Normal vision

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Farzad Habibbeygi, Amin Chegenizadeh, Hamid Nikraz, "An Analytical Method for Static Earth Pressure Distribution against Rectangular Shallow Tunnels Using Lateral Deformation" Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

A series of finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to evaluate the benefits of integrating a high modulus geo-fabric as reinforcement into the soil-layers in this paper. Finite element analysis can handle complex geometry, different boundary conditions and material properties with ease. In the present study a finite element program, PLAXIS, which has proved its efficacy in geotechnical application, is used. This paper presents a two dimensional plain strain finite element model that analysis of foundation in unreinforced and geo-fabric reinforced soil subjected to distributed load condition.
Key word: Finite Element Method, Bearing capacity, Settlement, Reinforced layer, Contour curve, Deformed Mesh

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Tanika Roychowdhury, Jay N. Meegoda, "Numerical Modelling of Soil Improvement Using Geo-fabrics"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

To bring the mandatory changes in feed preparation of conventional methods of gas solid reactions the method of pelletization is introduced. This paper provides the best case of balls which are sustainable to pressure maintained for gas solid reaction so that desired size and production rate of balls can be achieved. Pelletization is agglomeration technique which is beneficial with fine powder to improve feed preparation present in the gas solid reaction. This technique is useful to increase production rate and to reduce the difficulties which occur in production by mechanical means with heavy mechanical operating devices. Currently many of the chemical industries are using briquettes for gas solid reaction which consume extra power, cost and time. Hence this can be substituted by using pelletization and material science technique. Pellets should be improvised alternated feed preparation for gas solid reaction as manufacturing of pellet consumes less time and power. It has better surface area and porosity when compared to the briquettes. Few sets of experiments have been done to overcome factors affecting in pellet making and positive result are observed.
Key word: Pelletization, material science technique, feed for gas solid reaction, layering, agglomeration and kinetics.

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P. Sagar Suresh Rao, V. Suman, V. Vamshi Krishna, Savita Belwal, M. Bhagvanth Rao, "Investigation for Strength of Layering of Pelletized Balls Used As Feed for Gas Solid Reaction" Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

20% of failures in Gas Insulated Substations are due to the existence of various metallic contaminations in the form of loose particles. In this paper a single Phase Gas Insulated Bus duct with inner diameter conductor 55mm and diameter of enclosure 150 mm is considered. Three particles of different sizes assumed to be rest at a position, Power frequency voltages of 100 kV, 132 kV ,145 and 200 kV are applied to single Phase GIS bus. The motion of the three particles is simulated for different voltages using MATLAB. Effect of the three particles for power frequency voltage on particle movement are analyzed and time of collisions of the particle at first time is determined for various voltages. And also the horizontal and vertical distances at which the particles collide are determined for Particles of aluminum and copper of 10 mm in length and 0.25 mm radius, 10 mm length and 0.15 mm radius and 7 mm and 0.25 radii. The max displacement of the particles when each particle at a time is considered (without collision) are compared with the max radial displacements of three particles at a time by considering the collisions. The results show that the three particle collide at different points depending on the particles position , the velocity and direction of the particle changes after collisions.. The results show that the max displacement of particles is higher due to collisions as compared with (without collisions) when each particle at a time is considered.
Key word: Multiple particles , Gas Insulated Substations, Particles Contamination, MATLAB.

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Ranuva Nageswara Rao, Dr. S.S Tulasiram, "Effect of voltage on multiple particles and collisions in a single Phase Gas Insulated Bus duct"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

The use of stone columns is a popular ground reinforcing technique for flexible structures like raft foundations, oil storage tanks, embankments etc. The stone column technique is a cost effective method of improving the strength parameters like bearing capacity and reduce the settlements. When stone columns in soft soil are loaded, it undergoes excessive bulging due to low lateral confinement. To avoid this excessive bulging, stone column is encased with geotextile. In the present study tests were performed with and without encasement of geotextile. Stone column is encased with geotextile with different lengths of encasement like L/4, L/2, 3L/4 & L. The tests indicate that the bearing capacity increases with increase of encasement length.
Key word: Geo-textile, Marine clay, Silica-Manganese slag, Stone column.

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S. Siva Gowri Prasad, G. Divya, P.V.V. Satyanarayana , "Improvement of Marine Clay Performance Using Geo-Textile Encased Stone Column"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Due to advancement of new technology in the field of VLSI and Embedded system, there is an increasing demand of high speed and low power consumption processor. Speed of processor greatly depends on its multiplier as well as adder performance. In spite of complexity involved in floating point arithmetic, its implementation is increasing day by day. Due to which high speed adder architecture become important. Several adder architecture designs have been developed to increase the efficiency of the adder. In this paper, we introduce an architecture that performs high speed IEEE 754 floating point multiplier using modified carry select adder (CSA). Modified CSA depend on booth encoder (BEC) Technique. Booth encoder, Mathematics is an ancient Indian system of Mathematics. Here we are introduced two carry select based design. These designs are implementation Xilinx Vertex device family.
Key word: IEEE754, Single Precision Floating Point (SP FP), Double Precision Floating Point (DP FP), Binary to Execess-1 ()

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Nishi Pandey, Virendra Singh, "A Novel Efficient VLSI Architecture for IEEE 754 Floating point multiplier using Modified CSA"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Conducted the selection and breeding of strains of Propionibacterium shermanii ability to synthesize vitamin B12 and propionic acid. Dedicated 9 propionibacteria strains synthesize vitamin B12 (180-1200 mcgr/ml ) and propionic acid (0,63- 2,53 g/l).
Key word: Propionic acid bacteria, vitamin B12, propionic acid, strain, selection.

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Kuznetsova Tatyana, Halymbetova Aizhan, Kulnazarov Batyr, Saubenova Margarita, "Research Intensity Synthesis of Propionic Acid and Vitamin B12 Propionibacteria"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

Noise is undesirable sound caused by industrial and human activities that are detrimental to quality of an individual. Long term exposure to noise may induce physiological, psychological and behavioral changes. In the present study, different environmental backdrops of Secunderabad is selected as a case study to assess ambient noise levels generated by industrial and traffic activities. The average equivalent noise levels Leq at different locations of Trimulgherry (Commercial and Residential) area and the other Jeedimetla, an industrial corridor were measured for a period of one month. The noise level indices (L10, L50, L90) and Traffic Noise Index (TNI), Noise Climate (NC), Noise pollution Level (Lnp) were calculated. Leq. at two study locations have reported higher values during day and night average noise levels along with all the other Indices (TNI and Lnp). The higher value is due to increase of vehicles, industrial and human activities. The calculated Leq was predicted by using Calixto model and the regression between Observed and Calculated Leq has shown good value of correlation coefficient (R2) for both the study locations.

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K.V. Dharmendra Kumar, N. Srinivas, "Study of Noise Levels at Commercial and Industrial Areas in an Urban Environment"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

In electrical and electronic industry due to miniaturization of electronic components heat density increases which, in turns increases the heat flux inside it. Scientist and many researchers are doing lot of work in this field for thermal management of devices. Heat pipe is a device that is used in electronic circuit (micro and power electronics), spacecraft & electrical components for cooling purpose. It is based on the principle of evaporation and condensation of working fluid. Heat pipe made up of three main parts are evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections. In this working fluid vaporise at evaporator and transfers heat to condenser by adiabatic section where heat release to surrounding. Vapour flows possible from evaporator to condenser section due to vapour pressure difference exist between them. Use of heat pipe material, type of working fluid & its property, wick structure, orientation, filled ratio, operating condition, dimensions of pipe has a prominent effect on heat pipe performance. Variation of these parameters for minimum thermal resistance gives better performance.

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Sharmishtha Singh Hada, Prof. P. K. Jain, "Influence of Different Parameters on Heat Pipe Performance"Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Abstract:

In Semiconductor industry has witnessed and explosive growth of integration of sophisticated multimedia base application onto mobile electronic gadget since the last decade. The critical concern in this aspect is to reduce the power consumption beyond a certain range of operating frequency. An important factor in the design of VLSI circuits is the choices of reversible logic. Basically conventionally digital circuits have been implemented using the logic gates, which were irreversible in nature only NOT gate are reversible. These irreversible gates produce energy loss due to the information bits lost during the operation information loss occurs because the total number of output signals generated is less than total number of input signals applied. In reversible if the input vector can be uniquely recovered from the output vector and if there is a one to one correspondence between its input and output logic. This paper present a new representation of existing reversible gate in MOS transistor. The MOS transistor designing using a gate diffusion input. Those new representation of MOS transistor has a hoping future in design of low power consumption circuits and high speed application.
Key word: Reversible logic, Garbage Output, Quantum cost, Gate diffusion input, Low Power VLSI.

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Mukesh Kumar Kushwaha, Amit Kumar, "Delay Optimization of Low Power Reversible Gate using MOS Transistor Level design" Vol. 5 - Issue 10 (October - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com