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| 1. |
Design and Analysis of Sequential Elements for Low Power Clocking System with Low Power Techniques
Design and Analysis of Sequential Elements for Low Power Clocking System with Low Power Techniques
Abstract: This paper proposed the design of sequential elements for low power clocking system with low low power techniques for saving the power. Power consumption is a major bottleneck of system performance and is listed as one of the top three challenges in International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor 2008. In practice, a large portion of the on chip power is consumed by the clock system which is made of the clock distribution network and flop-flops. In this paper, various design techniques for a low power clocking system are surveyed. Among them is an effective way to reduce capacity of the clock load by minimizing number of clocked transistors. To approach this, proposed a novel clocked pair shared flip-flop which reduces the number of local clocked transistors by approximately 40%. A 24% reduction of clock driving power is achieved. In addition, low swing and double edge clocking, can be easily incorporated into the new flip-flop to build clocking systems. As the feature size becomes smaller, shorter channel lengths result in increased sub-threshold leakage current through a transistor when it is off. Dual sleep and sleepy stack methods are proposed to avoid static power consumption; the flip flops are simulated using HSPICE.
Key words: Avg power, Dual sleep, Flip-flops, low power, Sleepy stack.
Reference
[1] H. Kawaguchi and T. Sakurai, "A reduced clock-swing flip-flop (RCSFF) for 63% power reduction," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.33, no. 5, pp. 807–811, May 1998.
[2] A. Chandrakasan, W. Bowhill, and F. Fox, Design of High-Performance Microprocessor Circuits, 1st ed. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2001.
[3] G. Gerosa, "A 2.2W, 80 MHz superscalar RISC microprocessor," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1440–1454, Dec. 1994.
[4] B. Nikolic, V. G. Oklobzija, V. Stojanovic, W. Jia, J. K. Chiu, and M. M. Leung, "Improved sense-amplifier-based flip-flop: Design and measurements,"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 876–883,Jun. 2000.
[5] S. D. Naffziger, G. Colon-Bonet, T. Fischer, R. Riedlinger, T. J. Sullivan, and T. Grutkowski, "The implementation of the Itanium 2microprocessor," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 37, no. 11, pp.–1460, Nov. 2002.
S.Sasidhar Reddy B.Shoban Babu |
01-07 |
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| 2. |
Grid-Connected Pv-Fc Hybrid System Power Control Using Mppt And Boost Converter
Grid-Connected Pv-Fc Hybrid System Power Control Using Mppt And Boost Converter
Abstract: This paper proposes a method for operating a grid connected hybrid system. This system composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered. As the variations occur in temperature and irradiation during power delivery to load, Photo voltaic (PV) system becomes uncontrollable. In coordination with PEMFC, the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Two operation modes are the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode, can be applied to the hybrid system. All MPPT methods follow the same goal that is maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. Maximum power point tracking technique (Incremental conductance) for photovoltaic systems was introduced to maximize the produced energy. The coordination of two control modes, coordination of the PV array and the PEMFC in the hybrid system, and determination of reference parameters are presented. The proposed operating strategy systems with a flexible operation mode change always operate the PV array at maximum output power and the PEMFC in its high efficiency performance band. Also thus improving the performance of system operation, enhancing system stability, and reducing the number of operating mode changes.
Index Terms: Distributed generation, fuel cell, hybrid system, micro grid, photovoltaiic.
Reference
[1] T. Bocklisch, W. Schufft, and S. Bocklisch, "Predictive and optimizing energy management of photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid systems with shorttime energy storage," in Proc. 4th Eur. Conf. PV-Hybrid and Mini-Grid, 2008, pp. 8–15.
[2] J. Larmine and A. Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems Explained. New York: Wiley, 2003.
[3] A. Hajizadeh and M. A. Golkar, "Power flow control of grid-connected fuel cell distributed generation systems," J. Elect. Eng. Technol., vol.3, no. 2, pp. 143–151, 2008.
[4] W. Xiao, W. Dunford, and A. Capel, "A novel modeling method for photovoltaic cells," in Proc. IEEE 35th Annu. Power Electronics Specialists Conf., Jun. 2004, vol. 3, pp. 1950–1956.
[5] D. Sera, R. Teodorescu, and P. Rodriguez, "PV panel model based on datasheet values," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Industrial Electronics, Jun.4–7, 2007, pp. 2392–2396
P.HARIKA, P.VISHNU VARDHAN, SK.JAN BHASHA |
08-16 |
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| 3. |
Wireless Reporting System for Accident Detection at Higher Speeds
Wireless Reporting System for Accident Detection at Higher Speeds
Abstract: Speed is one of the basic reasons for vehicle accident. Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and reach in time. Nowadays, GPS has become an integral part of a vehicle system. This paper proposes to utilize the capability of a GPS receiver to monitor speed of a vehicle and detect accident basing on monitored speed and send accident location to an Alert Service Center. The GPS will monitor speed of a vehicle and compare with the previous speed in every second through a Microcontroller Unit. Whenever the speed will be below the specified speed, it will assume that an accident has occurred. The system will then send the accident location acquired from the GPS along with the time and the speed by utilizing the GSM network. This will help to reach the rescue service in time and save the valuable human life.
Reference
[1] Speed and Accident Risk, Europian Commision Road Safety, [Online] Accessed on 07 October 2011 Avaialble:http://ec. europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/knowledge/speed/speed_is_a_central_issue_in_road_safety/speed_and_accident_risk.htm, Accessed on: 07 October 2011
[2] D. A. Whitney and J. J. Pisano TASC, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, "Auto Alert: Automated Acoustic Detection of Incidents", IDEA project, [Online]. Accessed on 15 October 2011, Available: http://pubsindex.tr b.org/view.aspx?id=481489
[3] L. Chuan-zhi, H. Ru-fu, Y.E. Hong-wu, "Method of Freeway Incident Detection Using wireless Positioning," in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, 2008, pp. 2801 - 2804.
[4] N. Virtanen, A. Schirokoff and J. Luom, "Impacts of an automatic emergency call system on accident consequences," in Proc. Of 18th ICTCT, Workshop Transport telemetric and safety, 2005, pp. 1-6.
[5] R. Elvik, P. Christensen, A. Amundsen, "Speed and road accidents: an evaluation of the Power Model," TOI Report, [Online]. Accessed on 12 October 2011. Available: http://www.trg.dk/elvik/740-2004.pdf
Peddi Anudeep, K. Hari Babu |
17-20 |
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| 4. |
Image Inpainting
Image Inpainting
Abstract: Inpainting refers to the art of restoring lost parts of image and reconstructing them based on the background information i.e Image inpainting is the process of reconstructing lost or deteriorated parts of images using information from surrounding areas. In fine art museums, inpainting of degraded paintings is traditionally carried out by professional artists and usually very time consuming.The purpose of inpainting is to reconstruct missing regions in a visually plausible manner so that it seems reasonable to the human eye. There have been several approaches proposed for the same.
This paper gives an overview of different Techniques of Image Inpainting.The proposed work includes the overview of PDE based inpainting algorithm and Texture synthesis based inpainting algorithm. This paper presents a brief survey on comparative study of these two techniques used for Image Inpainting.
Reference
[1] A. Criminisi, P. Peres and K. Toyama, "Object Removal by Exemplar-Based Inpainting", Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'03).
[2] Mahalingam, Vijay Venkatesh, "Digital Inpainting Algorithms And Evaluation" (2010). Doctoral Dissertations.
[3] Zongben Xu and Jian Sun, "Image compression based on spatial redundancy removal and image inpainting " , Journal of Zhejiang University-Science C (Computers & Electronics),2010.
[4] Anupam, Pulkit Goyal ,Sapan Diwakar , "Fast and Enhanced Algorithm for Exemplar Based Image Inpainting" IIIT Allahabad, India.
[5] Mag. Harald Grossauer , "Completion of Images with Missing Data Regions", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Innsbruck, Austria, 2005.
A. A. Kondekar, Dr. P. H. Zope |
21-27 |
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| 5. |
Effect Of Cuo-Distilled Water Based Nanofluids On Heat Transfer Characteristics And Pressure Drop Characteristics.
Effect Of Cuo-Distilled Water Based Nanofluids On Heat Transfer Characteristics And Pressure Drop Characteristics
Abstract: In this paper, the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the distilled water and the copper oxide-distilled water based nanofluid flowing in a horizontal circular pipe under constant heat flux condition are studied. Copper oxide nanoparticles of 40nm size are dispersed in distilled water using sodium dodecyl sulphate as surfactant and sonicated the nanofluid for three hour. Both surfactant and sonication increases the stability of the nanofluid. The nanofluids are made in three different concentration i.e. 0.1 Vol. %, 0.25 Vol. % and 0.50 Vol. %. The thermal conductivity is measured by KD2 PRO, density with pycnometer, viscosity with Brookfield LVDV-III rheometer. The results show that the thermal conductivity increases with both temperature and concentration. The viscosity and density increases with concentration but decreases with temperature. The specific heat is calculated by model and it decreases with concentration. The experimental local Nusselt number of distilled water is compared with local Nusselt number obtained by the well known shah equation for laminar flow under constant heat flux condition for validation of the experimental set up. The relative error is 4.48 % for the Reynolds number 750.9. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in both flow rate and concentration. It increases from 14.33 % to 46.1 % when the concentration is increased from 0.1 Vol. % to 0.5 Vol. % at 20 LPH flow rate. Friction factor decreases with increase in flow rate. It decreases 66.54 % when the flow rate increases from 10 LPH to 30 LPH for 0.1 Vol. %.
Key words: CuO-distilled water nanofluids, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, laminar flow, concentration
Reference
[1] Das K Sarit, Choi U.S Stephen, Wenhua Yu and Pradeep T., Nanofluids: Science and
Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey (2007).
[2] K.B. Anoop, T. Sundararajan, Sarit K. Das, Effect of particle size on the convective heat transfer in nanofluid in the developing region, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 52 (2009) 2189–2195.
[3] S Torii, Turbulent Heat Transfer Behavior of Nanofluid in a Circular Tube Heated der Constant Heat Flux, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Volume 2010, Article ID 917612, 7 pages, doi: 10.1155/2010/917612.
[4] S.M. Fotukian, M. N Esfahany, Experimental study of turbulent convective heat transfer and pressure drop of dilute CuO/water nanofluid inside a circular tube, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 37 (2010) 214–219.
[5] M. Chandrasekar, S. Suresh, A. Chandra Bose, Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a circular pipe under laminar flow with wire coil inserts, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34 (2010) 122–130.
SANDEEP KUMAR, GURPREET SINGH SOKHAL and JASPREET SINGH |
28-37 |
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| 6. |
Mathematical Modeling of Quasi Static Thermoelastic Transient behavior of thick circular plate with Internal Heat Generation
Mathematical Modeling of Quasi Static Thermoelastic Transient behavior of thick circular plate with Internal Heat Generation
Abstract: The present paper deals with the determination of displacement and thermal transient stresses in a thick circular plate with internal heat generation. External arbitrary heat supply is applied at the upper surface of a thick circular plate, whereas the lower surface of a thick circular plate is insulated and heat is dissipated due to convection in surrounding through lateral surface. Here we compute the effects of internal heat generation of a thick circular plate in terms of stresses along radial direction. The governing heat conduction equation has been solved by using integral transform method. The results are obtained in series form in terms of Bessel's functions and the results for temperature change and stresses have been computed numerically and illustrated graphically.
Key words: Thermal stresses, internal heat generation, quasi static.
Reference
[1] W. Nowacki, The state of stresses in a thick circular plate due to temperature field, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Scr. Scl. Tech.,5, 1957, 227.
[2] J. N. Sharma, P. K.Sharma and R. L.Sharma, Behavior of thermoelastic thick plate under lateral loads, Journal of Thermal Stresses, 27, 2004, 171-191.
[3] V. S. Kulkarni and K.C. Deshmukh, Quasi-static transient thermal stresses in a thick circular plate, Journal of Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 30(2), 2008, 172-177.
[4] G.D. Kedar and K. C. Deshmukh, Estimation of temperature distribution and thermal stresses in a thick circular plate, African Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, Research, 4(13), 2011, 389-395.
[5] C. M.Bhongade and M.H.Durge, Mathematical modeling of quasi-static thermoelastic steady state behavior of thick circular plate with internal heat generation, International Journal of Physics and Mathematical Science, 3(4), 2013, 8-14.
C. M. Bhongade and M. H. Durge |
38-45 |
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| 7. |
Tumor Detection Based On Symmetry Information
Tumor Detection Based On Symmetry Information
Abstract: Various subjects that are paired usually are not identically the same, asymmetry is perfectly normal but sometimes asymmetry can benoticeable too much. Structural and functional asymmetry in the human brain and nervous system is reviewed in a historical perspective. Brainasymmetry is one of such examples, which is a difference in size or shape, or both. Asymmetry analysis of brain has great importance because itis not only indicator for brain cancer but also predict future potential risk for the same. In our work, we have concentrated to segment theanatomical regions of brain, isolate the two halves of brain and to investigate each half for the presence of asymmetry of anatomical regions inMRI.
Key words: MRI, Asymmetry Relation, Region of Interest
Reference
[1] Yu-Ning Liu Chung-Han Huang, Wei-Lun Chao, "DIP: Final project report Image segmentation based on the normalized cut framework", Volume-2, pp124-189.
[2] Samir K. Bandyopadhyay," Finding Bilateral Symmetry of the Human Brain from MRI",Journal of Global Research in Computer Science,Volume 2, No. 2, February 2011,pp. 33-34.
[3] Jai- Nan Wang, Jun Kong, Ying- Hualu, " A Region- Based SRG Algorithm For Color Image Segmentation", Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Hong Kong, 19-22 August 2007 ,pp. 1-2.
[4] 4 Sharma, G., Yrzel, M.J., Trussel, H.J." Color imaging for multimedia", Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(6), 1998, pp- 1088-1108.
[5] Wenbing Tao, Hai, Yimin Zhang Jin, "Color Image Segmentation Based on Mean Shift and Normalized Cuts", IEEE Trans. On System Man and Cybernetics-Part B, Volume 37, No. 5, Oct 2007, pp-1382-1389.
Krunal J Pimple, Asst. Prof. Prateek Nahar, Dr. Sanjay Thakur, Rajesh Patil |
46-48 |
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| 8. |
E-Commerce Application Distributed Operating System
E-Commerce Application Distributed Operating System
Abstract: This research paper describes the invention and accessibility of internet connectivity and powerful online tools
has resulted a new commerce era that is e-commerce, which has completely revolutionized the conventional
concept of business. E-commerce deals with selling and purchasing of goods and services through internet and
computer networks. In less than a decade since the advent of the World Wide Web the technology has started to
become an integral part of modern society. Possibly quicker than any other technology before it (such as the car
or the telephone) the Web has begun to impinge on everyday life for a vast majority of citizens in a very short
sac of time. The advent of this new technology has brought with it a whole new industry, language and potential
new ways in which society, government and business will and are beginning to operate. Our findings show that,
in development and diffusion of ecommerce in China, cultural issues such as "socializing effect of commerce",
"transactional and institutional trust", and "attitudes toward debt" play a very major role. In this paper, we
present and discuss these findings, and identify changes that will be required for broader acceptance and
diffusion of e-commerce in China and propose approaches that businesses can use to enhance this development.
Reference
[1] China Internet Network Information Center, 2002. Semiannual Survey Report on the Development of China's Internet (1997-2002), Retrieved 11th September 2002 from the World Wide Web http://www.cnnic.net. ch/develst/2002-7e/5.shtml
[2] China Internet Network Information Center, 2003. Semiannual Survey Report on the Development of China's Internet (1997-2003), Retrieved 20th September 2003 from the World Wide Web http://www.cnnic.net. cn/develst/2003-1e/444.shtml
[3] Grabner-Kraeuter, S. (2002). The role of consumers' trust in online shopping. Journal of Business Ethics 39: 43-50.
[4] Hennock, M., (2002). China's Baby Steps in E-Commerce, BBC Online News September 24, 2002, Retrieved 2nd November 2002 from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc. co.uk/1/hi/business/2276360.stm
[5] Juliussen, E., (2002). Internet Users by Country Retrieved 13th December 2002 from the World Wide Web http://www.etforecasts. com
Vishal Bhalla, Sumit Kumar Dass, Tanya Sharma |
49-54 |
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| 9. |
Improved Low Voltage High Speed FVF Based Current
Comparator with Logical Efforts
Improved Low Voltage High Speed FVF Based Current
Comparator with Logical Efforts
Abstract: In this paper an improved current comparator is using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply
voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area. All circuits have been simulated
employing Tanner EDA Tool 14.1v for 90nm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its
non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Index Terms: Current Comparator, Flipped Voltage Follower, Power Consumption, Low Voltage,
Propagation Delay.
Reference
[1] P. Iswerya, Student Member, IEEE, Shruti Gupta, Mini Goel, Veepsa Bhatia, Neeta Pandey and Asok Bhattacharyya, "Delay Area Efficient Low Voltage FVF Based Current Comparator", 978-1-4673-0455-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
[2] Carvajal, R., Ramirez-Angulo, J., Lopez Martin, A., Torralba, A., Galan, J., Carlosena, A., et al. (2005), "The flipped voltage follower: A useful cell for low voltage low power circuit design", IEEE Transactions on Circuits Systems I, 52(7), 1276–1279. doi:10.1109/TCSI.2005.851387.
[3] Freitas, D. A. and Current, K. W., "CMOS current comparator circuit", Electron. Left., 1983, 19, pp. 695-697
[4] Varakorn kasemsuwan and Surachet Khucharoensin, "High Speed Low Input Impedance CMOS Current Comparator",Ieice Trans. Fundamentals,Vol.E88-A No.-6,June 2005.
[5] Sung-Mo Kang and Yusuf Leblebici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits, Analysis and Design, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2003
Vinod Kumar, Ms. Himani Mittal, Mr. Sumit Khandelwal |
55-58 |
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| 10. |
Voltage Profile Improvement of distribution system Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Voltage Profile Improvement of distribution system Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Abstract: Distributed generations (DGs) play an important role in distribution networks. Distributed generation (DG) exists in distribution systems and is installed by either the utility or the customers. Distributed Generators (DGs) are now commonly used in distribution systems to reduce the power disruption in the power system network. Due to the installation of DGs in the system, the total power loss can be reduced and voltage profile of the buses can be improved due to this power quality of the distribution system is improved. Studies show that non-optimal locations and non-optimal sizes of DG units may lead to losses increase, together with bad effect on voltage profile. So, this paper aims at determining optimal DG allocation and sizing. To do so, the optimization technique named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used .this Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach), capable to establish the optimal DG allocation and sizing on a distribution network. This paper presents optimal placement and estimation of distributed generation (DG) capacity using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach in the distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to gain voltage profile improvement. The proposed (PSO) based approach is tested on an IEEE 30-bus test system.
Key words: DG, PSO, Power Loss, Voltage Profile
Reference
[1] Thomas Ackermann, Goran Andersson, Lenart Soder,"Distributed generation: a definition," Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 195-204,20 April 2001.
[2] S.M. Moghadas-Tafreshi, "Electrical Energy Generation Resources in 21st century", k.N. Toosi University of Technology Press, 1st Edition, Tehran, 2005.
[3] (Khattam & Salama, 2004; Brown et al., 2001; Seyed Ali Mohammad Javadian & Maryam Massaeli, 2011a,b,c; Navid Khalesi & Seyed Ali Mohammad Javadian, 2011).
[4] Rau N. S. and Wan Y. H. , "Optimum location of resources in distributed planning," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 9, pp. 2014-2020, 1994.
[5] M. Gandomkar, M. Vakili an, M. Ehsan, "Optimal distributedgeneration allocation in distribution network using Hereford Ranch algorithm ", Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference onElectrical Machines and Systems, Sept. 2005.
Yamini Arora |
59-64 |
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IJERA : Volume 4 Issue 9(Version 2), September 2014